The following theories/models are used to validate conceptual models:
- Ontological model

Methods used to Validate Conceptual Models

Each of these attributes are determined by the primary stakeholders of the domain of focus:
- accurate
- complete
- conflict-free
- no redundancy

Attributes of a Validated Conceptual Model

Conceptual models need to be evaluated by focal stakeholders to confirm that it accurately represents the domain that is being conceptualized.

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Models that organize concepts through entities and relationships but do not compute anything.

Conceptual model

Wand, Y., Storey, V. C., & Weber, R. (1999). An ontological analysis of the relationship construct in conceptual modeling. ACM Transactions on Database Systems (TODS), 24(4), 494-528.

An ontological analysis of the relationship construct in conceptual modeling

Similar in structure to causal diagrams (i.e. nodes with connections), except the connections are not causal. Nodes contain concepts are organized
in a hierarchy (such as in 1Cademy's knowledge graph).

Concept Mapping

Ontological models are used in designing information processing software/databases in computer science. It is useful when determining how to implement conceptual models effectively. 

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