- Feature Detection (Ware): People respond to certain characteristics, such as color, slope, length, texture, value, angle, and motion extremely fast, while responding to characteristics such as shape, area, orientation, curvature, connection, and containment relatively slower. 
- Explanation: The former set of characteristics are processed in the primary visual cortex(V1) area in the back of the brain, and the second set of characteristics are processed in V2 (Ware). 
- Application: Designers should avoid manipulating too many characteristics because too much information could confuse the brain (Ware).

Feature Detection (Ware)

The movement is inescapable in human-computer interaction (HCI). This is an important concept for user interaction with devices. Motor movements include: Typing, Pointing, Clicking, Dragging, Drawing, Pinching 

Motor Behavior

Common ground is a concept of achieving effective communication between users and the system through mutual agreement. The common ground includes three forms: conversational conventions, communal common ground, and personal common ground (Monk, 2003, p. 272). All three forms work together to help users understand and adapt to a system more efficiently.
- Conversational conventions refer to the assumptions of conducting a conversation. 
- Communal common ground refers to the assumptions based on experience.
- Personal common ground refers to the mutual understanding between individuals.

Common Ground

Extrema

The idea of the methods cards is to make a large number of
different techniques accessible to all members of a design team
and to encourage a creative approach to the search for
information and insights as their projects evolve. The intention is
to provide a tool that can be used flexibly to sort, browse, search,
spread out, or pin up. I find myself using the cards after a typical
project briefing meeting, working my way through the pack as if
in a game of patience and selecting the most useful set for that
particular project in its various phases. When I meet with the
team, I deal the set I’ve chosen and talk about why they might be
useful in this context.

Each of the fifty-one cards contains explanatory text about
how and when the method can be used and a brief example of its
application to a real design project, with an illustrative and
sometimes whimsical image on the other side. The cards are
divided into four categories, ranging from the objective to more
subjective—Learn, Look,Ask, and Try:“Learn” from the facts you
gather, “Look” at what users do, “Ask” them to help, and “Try” it
for yourself

IDEO Methods Cards

“Observation” was the label we used for the best way to learn
about people in the context of a particular design problem,
implying that you needed to look at what people really do in a
situation, rather than rely on the conventional technique of asking
them about what they think and do. When you are trying to understand the latent needs and desires of potential users before a
design is created, it is important to learn about their existing
habits and context of use—things they are rarely able to tell you
about explicitly.

Observations in Design Science 

- Motor Behavior 
- Feature Detection (Ware)
- Common Ground
- Extrema 
- IDEO Methods Cards
- Observation 

Arizona State University

The designing of interactive products, environments, systems, and services. Common topics include design, human–computer interaction, and software development. A central concern of interaction design is to develop interactive products that are usable, easy to learn, effective to use, and provide an enjoyable user experience to support and enhance the way people communicate and interact in their everyday lives.  Dan Saffer (2010) suggests four main approaches to interaction design, User-centered design, Activity-centered design, Systems design, and Genius design.

Interaction design

Graphic design is the process of visual communication and problem-solving through the use of typography, photography, iconography and illustration. The field is considered a subset of visual communication and communication design, but sometimes the term "graphic design" is used synonymously. Graphic designers use typography, visual arts, and page layout techniques to create visual compositions. Common applications of graphic design include corporate design (logos and branding), editorial design (magazines, newspapers and books), wayfinding or environmental design, advertising, web design, communication design, product packaging, and signage.

Graphic Design

Similar in structure to causal diagrams (i.e. nodes with connections), except the connections are not causal. Nodes contain concepts are organized
in a hierarchy (such as in 1Cademy's knowledge graph).

Concept Mapping

1. To synthesize a solution from all of the relevant constraints,
understanding everything that will make a difference to the
result
2. To frame, or reframe, the problem and objective
3. To create and envision alternatives
4. To select from those alternatives, knowing intuitively how to
choose the best approach
5. To visualize and prototype the intended solution

Bill Moggridge book - "Designing Interactions" - chapter 10

Core Skills of Design

Design Disciplines

A narrow definition
of interaction design is:
“The design of the subjective
and qualitative aspects of
everything that is both digital
and interactive.”

A broad definition
of interaction design is:
‘The design of everything that is
both digital and interactive.”


Narrow & Broad Definition of Interaction Design

Don Norman is the director of the newly established (2014) Design Lab at the University of California, Co-founder of the Nielsen Norman group and Honorary Professor at Tongji University (Shanghai) in their College of Design and Innovation. The term user-centered design came from him in his book The Design of Everyday Things (1988). It marked a shift from the previous term “user centered system design” where instead of focusing on the system itself and the aesthetics of the interface, Norman concentrated on user needs.

Don Norman

Process of solving a product design problem: 
1. Understand your goal (Why) 
2. Define the audience (Who) 
3. Understand customer’s context (When/Where) and needs 
4. List ideas (What) 
5. Prioritize and choose an idea 
6. Solve 
7. Measure success (How)

5W+1H

Design thinking is a process that works to solve problems in a user-centric way. It has a strong focus on users and humans, to ensure that solutions meet their needs.



Steps to design thinking:

1. Empathize: Understand your users

2. Define: Clearly define the problem and their needs

3. Ideate: Brainstorm potential solutions, create ideas

4. Prototype: Build your solutions

5. Test: Test out your solutions

Design Thinking

I feel that this statement, "Dan Saffer (2010) suggests four main approaches to interaction design, User-centered design, Activity-centered design, Systems design, and Genius design." should be linked as a child node rather than grouped together into this. There is a lot of content in this node and could be made more clear by breaking it down further into more granular content

re-structure nodes

In software development and computer science, ubiquitous computing refer to the idea of computing could be and is made to appear anytime and everywhere. Reflecting to Interaction design and User Experience Design, the term is refer to the idea that user interaction could be in many forms, from laptop computers, phones to everyday objects such as lamps and glasses.

Ubiquitous Computing

Important questions to consider when designing for interaction include the following:

- Defining how the user interacts with the interface: What does the user do with their finger, stylus, keyboard, or mouse to interact with the interface?

- Giving users clues about behaviors before actions are taken: What does the appearance (color, shape, size, animation, etc) of an element or system tell the user about what happens when an action is performed?

- Anticipating and mitigating errors: What kind of constraints are put in place to prevent errors? In the case of an error, what kind of error messages are provided for the user to correct the problem?

- Considering system feedback and response time: How long does it take between an action being performed (for example: clicking a button) and the product responding? What kind of feedback is given to the user once the action is performed?

- Strategically thinking about each element: Are you following standards? (Fitt's law, metaphors, having an understanding of how elements function)

- Simplifying for learnability: Is the format as simplified as possible for the users? (This includes decluttering, number of choices, removing complexity, using familiar user flow patterns)

Questions to consider when Designing for Interaction

- Activity-Centered Design
- Inclusive Design
- Ethical Design
- Industrial Design
- Designing for Autistic People
- Product Design
- Emotional Design
- Systems Design
- Genius Design

Types of Designs

- Storytelling
- Prototype
- Concept Mapping
- Visual Direction


Elements of Design

Design Techniques 

Gestalt principles are laws of human perception that describe how we group similar elements, recognize patterns, and simplify complex images when we perceive objects. These principles include Proximity, Similarity, Continuity, Closure, Symmetry, Figure/Ground, and Common Fate. Understanding these concepts can be enhanced by observing them in real-world examples.

Learn Before

Related

Learn After