- Feature Detection (Ware): People respond to certain characteristics, such as color, slope, length, texture, value, angle, and motion extremely fast, while responding to characteristics such as shape, area, orientation, curvature, connection, and containment relatively slower. 
- Explanation: The former set of characteristics are processed in the primary visual cortex(V1) area in the back of the brain, and the second set of characteristics are processed in V2 (Ware). 
- Application: Designers should avoid manipulating too many characteristics because too much information could confuse the brain (Ware).

Feature Detection (Ware)

Common ground is a concept of achieving effective communication between users and the system through mutual agreement. The common ground includes three forms: conversational conventions, communal common ground, and personal common ground (Monk, 2003, p. 272). All three forms work together to help users understand and adapt to a system more efficiently.
- Conversational conventions refer to the assumptions of conducting a conversation. 
- Communal common ground refers to the assumptions based on experience.
- Personal common ground refers to the mutual understanding between individuals.

Common Ground

Extrema

The idea of the methods cards is to make a large number of
different techniques accessible to all members of a design team
and to encourage a creative approach to the search for
information and insights as their projects evolve. The intention is
to provide a tool that can be used flexibly to sort, browse, search,
spread out, or pin up. I find myself using the cards after a typical
project briefing meeting, working my way through the pack as if
in a game of patience and selecting the most useful set for that
particular project in its various phases. When I meet with the
team, I deal the set I’ve chosen and talk about why they might be
useful in this context.

Each of the fifty-one cards contains explanatory text about
how and when the method can be used and a brief example of its
application to a real design project, with an illustrative and
sometimes whimsical image on the other side. The cards are
divided into four categories, ranging from the objective to more
subjective—Learn, Look,Ask, and Try:“Learn” from the facts you
gather, “Look” at what users do, “Ask” them to help, and “Try” it
for yourself

IDEO Methods Cards

In design science, observation is a method used to understand the latent needs and desires of potential users by examining their real-world behaviors and contexts of use. Rather than relying on conventional techniques like asking users what they think and do, observation focuses on what people actually do in a given situation, helping to uncover needs they are rarely able to express explicitly.

Observation in Design Science

- Motor Behavior 
- Feature Detection (Ware)
- Common Ground
- Extrema 
- IDEO Methods Cards
- Observation 

Arizona State University

The designing of interactive products, environments, systems, and services. Common topics include design, human–computer interaction, and software development. A central concern of interaction design is to develop interactive products that are usable, easy to learn, effective to use, and provide an enjoyable user experience to support and enhance the way people communicate and interact in their everyday lives.  Dan Saffer (2010) suggests four main approaches to interaction design, User-centered design, Activity-centered design, Systems design, and Genius design.

Interaction design

Graphic design is the process of visual communication and problem-solving through the use of typography, photography, iconography and illustration. The field is considered a subset of visual communication and communication design, but sometimes the term "graphic design" is used synonymously. Graphic designers use typography, visual arts, and page layout techniques to create visual compositions. Common applications of graphic design include corporate design (logos and branding), editorial design (magazines, newspapers and books), wayfinding or environmental design, advertising, web design, communication design, product packaging, and signage.

Graphic Design

Similar in structure to causal diagrams (i.e. nodes with connections), except the connections are not causal. Nodes contain concepts are organized
in a hierarchy (such as in 1Cademy's knowledge graph).

Concept Mapping

Design Disciplines

A narrow definition
of interaction design is:
“The design of the subjective
and qualitative aspects of
everything that is both digital
and interactive.”

A broad definition
of interaction design is:
‘The design of everything that is
both digital and interactive.”


Narrow & Broad Definition of Interaction Design

Don Norman is the director of the newly established (2014) Design Lab at the University of California, Co-founder of the Nielsen Norman group and Honorary Professor at Tongji University (Shanghai) in their College of Design and Innovation. The term user-centered design came from him in his book The Design of Everyday Things (1988). It marked a shift from the previous term “user centered system design” where instead of focusing on the system itself and the aesthetics of the interface, Norman concentrated on user needs.

Don Norman

Design thinking is a process that works to solve problems in a user-centric way. It has a strong focus on users and humans, to ensure that solutions meet their needs.



Steps to design thinking:

1. Empathize: Understand your users

2. Define: Clearly define the problem and their needs

3. Ideate: Brainstorm potential solutions, create ideas

4. Prototype: Build your solutions

5. Test: Test out your solutions

Design Thinking

I feel that this statement, "Dan Saffer (2010) suggests four main approaches to interaction design, User-centered design, Activity-centered design, Systems design, and Genius design." should be linked as a child node rather than grouped together into this. There is a lot of content in this node and could be made more clear by breaking it down further into more granular content

re-structure nodes

In software development and computer science, ubiquitous computing refer to the idea of computing could be and is made to appear anytime and everywhere. Reflecting to Interaction design and User Experience Design, the term is refer to the idea that user interaction could be in many forms, from laptop computers, phones to everyday objects such as lamps and glasses.

Ubiquitous Computing

- Storytelling
- Prototype
- Concept Mapping
- Visual Direction


Elements of Design

Design Techniques 

Gestalt principles are laws of human perception that describe how we group similar elements, recognize patterns, and simplify complex images when we perceive objects. These principles include Proximity, Similarity, Continuity, Closure, Symmetry, Figure/Ground, and Common Fate. Understanding these concepts can be enhanced by observing them in real-world examples.

Gestalt Principles

Various types of design and design approaches include:
- Activity-Centered Design
- Designing for Autistic People
- Emotional Design
- Ethical Design
- Genius Design
- Inclusive Design
- Industrial Design
- Product Design
- Systems Design

Types of Design

According to Bill Moggridge in *Designing Interactions*, the core skills of interaction design include:

1. Synthesizing a solution from all relevant constraints, understanding everything that will make a difference to the result.
2. Framing, or reframing, the problem and objective.
3. Creating and envisioning alternatives.
4. Selecting from those alternatives, knowing intuitively how to choose the best approach.
5. Visualizing and prototyping the intended solution.

Core Skills of Interaction Design

When designing for interaction, designers ask key questions to ensure a successful user experience. These core considerations include defining how the user physically interacts with the interface, providing visual clues about behaviors before actions are taken, anticipating and mitigating errors, optimizing system feedback and response time, adhering to strategic standards, and simplifying for learnability.

Interaction Design Considerations

A product-design problem-solving framework built on the journalistic 5W's and 1H: 1. Why – understand the goal. 2. Who – define the audience. 3. When/Where – understand the customer's context and needs. 4. What – list, prioritize, and choose an idea. 5. How – solve the problem and measure success.

Learn Before

Related

Learn After