A pathway universal to all living organisms that produces pyruvate as well as energy, reduced electron carriers, and precursor molecules from glucose, which are essential to cellular metabolism. This process occurs in the cytoplasm of cells, does not require oxygen, and is an important source of ATP for organisms that do not undergo respiration.

Glycolysis

A metabolic pathway "loop" in which acetyl CoA from the transition reaction is added to a 4-carbon intermediate (oxaloacetate) to produce 6-carbon citric acid, during which important electron carriers are reduced. In addition to being an important component of glucose metabolism, several intermediates of the cycle form important molecules, making the process both catabolic and anabolic. Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix for eukaryotes and in the cytoplasm for prokaryotes

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Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle

Two pathways in glucose catabolism produce ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation:

- Glycolysis
- Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle

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Enzymes break down carbohydrates such as glycogen, starch, and cellulose to break glycosidic linkages and release glucose monomers, the latter of which is used for further catabolism. The break down of materials during catabolism releases products necessary for cellular metabolism.

Carbohydrate catabolism

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Pathways in Glucose Catabolism

A catabolic pathway in which energy is released from nutrient oxidation to be used by the cell

Respiration

An anaerobic process that uses an organic molecule as the final electron acceptor to oxidize NADH to regenerate NAD+, allowing for glycolysis to continue. Involves glycolysis, but not oxidative phosphorylation, generating a maximum of 2 ATP

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