Two pathways in glucose catabolism produce ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation:

- Glycolysis
- Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle

Pathways in Glucose Catabolism

A catabolic pathway in which energy is released from nutrient oxidation to be used by the cell

Respiration

An anaerobic process that uses an organic molecule as the final electron acceptor to oxidize NADH to regenerate NAD+, allowing for glycolysis to continue. Involves glycolysis, but not oxidative phosphorylation, generating a maximum of 2 ATP

Fermentation

Enzymes break down carbohydrates such as glycogen, starch, and cellulose to break glycosidic linkages and release glucose monomers, the latter of which is used for further catabolism. The break down of materials during catabolism releases products necessary for cellular metabolism.

University of Notre Dame

Exergonic metabolism pathways involved in the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones

Catabolism

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Cells seek a balance in molecular energy through catabolism and anabolism. The energy released by catabolic pathways is used to make high-energy molecules that drive anabolic pathways. A key regulating mechanism for these pathways is allosteric control.

Catabolism and Anabolism Balance

Carbohydrate catabolism

Enzymes break down lipids such as triglycerides and phospholipids to release glycerol and fatty acid chains, which can be further degraded into molecules to be used for respiration.

Lipid catabolism

Enzymes break down proteins such to release peptides for cellular uptake. Cells then are able to further breakdown amino acids into molecules that can be used in pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle.

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