A protease is an enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides or amino acids by hydrolyzing the peptide bonds between amino acids.

Proteases

Glycohydrolase is an enzyme that breaks down complex sugars into simpler sugars by hydrolyzing glycosidic bonds. An example is Hyaluronidase S found in *Staphylococcus aureus* Hyaluronidase degrades hyaluronic acid that cements cells together to promote spread.

Glycohydrolases

A phospholipase is an enzyme that breaks down phospholipids by breaking the bonds in their molecular structure. This process can release fatty acids, glycerol, and other products from the phospholipids which then degrades phospholipid bilayer of host cells, causing cellular lysis,

Phospholipases

A nuclease is an enzyme that hydrolyzes the bonds between nucleotides in nucleic acids like DNA and RNA.

Nuclease

Enzymes break down proteins such to release peptides for cellular uptake. Cells then are able to further breakdown amino acids into molecules that can be used in pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle.

University of Notre Dame

Exergonic metabolism pathways involved in the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones

Catabolism

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Cells seek a balance in molecular energy through catabolism and anabolism. The energy released by catabolic pathways is used to make high-energy molecules that drive anabolic pathways. A key regulating mechanism for these pathways is allosteric control.

Catabolism and Anabolism Balance

Enzymes break down carbohydrates such as glycogen, starch, and cellulose to break glycosidic linkages and release glucose monomers, the latter of which is used for further catabolism. The break down of materials during catabolism releases products necessary for cellular metabolism.

Carbohydrate catabolism

Enzymes break down lipids such as triglycerides and phospholipids to release glycerol and fatty acid chains, which can be further degraded into molecules to be used for respiration.

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