Based on multiple studies there is a negative correlation between procrastination and the grades. 

San Diego State University

1. Desirable Difficulties
2. Self-Determination Theory
3. Gameful Design
4. Prior Work on Practice Tools
5. Procrastination

Related Work (A Spaced, Interleaved Retrieval Practice Tool that is Motivating and Effective)

**SPACED PRACTICE** to put it simply, studying over some period of time, for instance over several weeks.  If we compare it to massed practice, in case of massed practice we have a better results in short-term, while spaced practice shows better results in long-term.

**INTERLIEVING**  is when multiple topics are mixed in order to improve student learning. Blocking means to focus on a single topic. 

**RETRIEVAL PRACTICE**  is the practice when the learner/student has to recall/retrieve some information from the memory in order to answer the question for instance on the flashcards. This can be opposed to rereading the same thing.    


Desirable Difficulties (A Spaced, Interleaved Retrieval Practice Tool that is Motivating and Effective)

There can be two types of motivations: 

1. Intrinsic  (driven by enjoyment, satisfactory level)
2. External (in this case external factors come into play)

As the authors claim, the students could choose when/how/where to use the practice tool, which can support intrinsic motivation.

Self-Determination Theory (A Spaced, Interleaved Retrieval Practice Tool that is Motivating and Effective)

**Gameful Design** is used to to modify the learning environment so that the intrinsic motivation increases.  With gameful design students feel more in control and the time spend for studying also increases.  

Gameful Design (A Spaced, Interleaved Retrieval Practice Tool that is Motivating and Effective)

There were several practice tools created, some of those are :

1. Codelab
2. Epplets
3. Problem Roulette 

"SystemsIntelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) provide personalized practice."  They give feedback if student solved the task or while is in the solving phase. They have been used for teaching programming languages, but their main limitation is that they can't be used with spaced and interleaved practice.

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