- Macro-productivity
- Micro-productivity
- Multitasking productivity

Focuses of Productivity in Industrial-Organizational Psychology

The Hawthorne effect is a specific form of reactivity where people modify their conduct solely because they are aware that a researcher is observing them. This shift in behavior can undermine the validity of observational research since the recorded actions do not reflect the individuals' true, unobserved state.

Hawthorne Effect

Productivity generally refers to the ability of an individual, team, or organization to work efficiently within a given time in order to maximize output. In control management, productivity is a measure of how efficiently a process runs and how effectively it uses resources.

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- Industrial psychology 
- Organizational psychology
- Occupational health psychology
- Human factors psychology 
- Humanitarian work psychology
- Process management
- Collective intelligence
- Workplace design
- Productivity

Focuses of Industrial-Organizational Psychology

Process management optimizes organizational operations by focusing on core components, including the continuous business process management (BPM) life cycle, workflow orchestration, detailed task analysis, productivity evaluation, and the implementation of supporting technologies.

Focuses of Process Management

The discipline in which people use various methods to discover, model, analyze, measure, improve, optimize, and automate processes, which can be structured and repeatable or unstructured and variable. Though not required, enabling technologies are often used.

Process management

The ways in which environments are created and run to optimize workplace operations. Workplace design can have notable effects on industrial/organizational concepts such as productivity, work-related motivation, wellbeing, and teamwork/group dynamics. 

Workplace Design

Productivity in Industrial-Organizational Psychology

Shared or group intelligence that emerges from the collaboration, collective efforts, and competition of many individuals. When groups of people work together, they create intelligence that cannot exist on an individual level.

Collective Intelligence

Because of its focus on real-world applications, I-O Psychology research is often concerned with the study of human behaviors in industrial-organizational settings. 

Research in Industrial-Organizational Psychology

* Human Resource Management
* Workplace Management
* Organizational Management

Application of Industrial-Organizational Psychology

Industrial psychology focuses on the specifics of jobs and the individuals who might fill them. It involves analyzing job requirements, assessing applicant suitability through methods like testing and interviews, and determining the best fit. Furthermore, this field covers the integration of new hires through orientation and their continuous development via ongoing training. A critical aspect of industrial psychology is ensuring that hiring processes are fair and legally compliant to prevent bias. It also includes the research and application of performance appraisal systems.

Industrial Psychology

Organizational psychology is the second major branch of study and practice within industrial and organizational psychology. It focuses on social interactions and their effects on individuals and on the functioning of the organization. Areas of study include job satisfaction, management styles, leadership styles, organizational culture, and teamwork; in this context, organizational culture is treated as a significant topic for understanding work organizations.

Organizational Psychology

Human factors psychology, also known as ergonomics, is the study of the interface between workers, their machines, and their physical environments. The primary goal of this field is to design machines and systems that better support the workers who use them. This involves researching and designing tools to align with human requirements, considering both physical and cognitive integration. Unlike other areas of I-O psychology, human factors psychology focuses on the individual worker's interaction with specific elements like machines, workstations, and information displays.

Human Factors Psychology

Occupational Health Psychology (OHP) is an interdisciplinary field that addresses the stress, diseases, and disorders affecting employees due to workplace factors. It examines how an organization influences an employee's quality of work life and the subsequent psychological and behavioral responses. These reactions can extend beyond the workplace into an employee's personal life, an effect known as work-life spillover, particularly when work-life balance is poor. The field is informed by a wide range of research from medicine, biology, psychology, organizational studies, human factors, human resources, and industrial psychology. Its primary goal is to improve the health and well-being of individual workers, which in turn enhances the overall health of the organization.

Occupational Health Psychology

Humanitarian Work Psychology (HWP) is a field of I-O psychology dedicated to assisting underserved and underprivileged populations. Originating from a shared goal among a group of I-O psychologists in 2009 and formally established in 2012, HWP applies psychological principles to help marginalized individuals, such as those with low incomes, find work. The field's practitioners also focus on delivering humanitarian aid during major catastrophes and supporting local community members who lack the necessary knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAs) to secure stable employment. A central aim is to empower these individuals by developing durable KSAs, enabling them to improve their lives and reduce the need for aid.

Humanitarian Work Psychology

Industrial-Organizational (I-O) psychology is a specialized field that examines the bidirectional relationship between human psychology and the workplace. It investigates how individual and group behavior influences work processes and, conversely, how the work environment impacts the psychological and physical well-being of employees.

Definition of Industrial-Organizational Psychology

Work occupies a central role in the lives of most adults, representing a significant investment of their time and energy. For instance, 2019 data for the United States indicated that workers spent an average of 42 to 54 hours per week on work-related activities, a time commitment surpassed only by sleeping. This highlights the substantial portion of life that is shaped by the work experience.

Significance of Work in Daily Life

The substantial time and energy dedicated to work have far-reaching consequences that extend beyond the workplace, influencing the physical and psychological health of workers and their families. These effects can be either positive, contributing to fulfillment and stability, or negative, leading to stress and other health issues.

Impact of Work on Well-being

A manufacturing plant is experiencing a high rate of on-the-job injuries and errors related to the operation of a new piece of machinery. The management believes the issue is not with the employees' skills, but with the machine's complex and non-intuitive control panel. Which type of specialist would be most qualified to investigate and resolve this specific problem?

Task analysis involves processes that occur before you actually perform a task. Some of these things include listing out your goals for the task, identifying potential obstacles you will encounter, and coming up with strategies to go about performing the task.

Task Analysis

The BPM Life Cycle consists of: 
- Process design
- System configuration
- Process enactment 
- Diagnosis

The BPM Life Cycle 

A workflow consists of an orchestrated and repeatable pattern of activity, enabled by the systematic organization of resources into processes that transform materials, provide services, or process information. It can be depicted as a sequence of operations, the work of a person or group,the work of an organization of staff, or one or more simple or complex mechanisms. From a more abstract or higher-level perspective, workflow may be considered a view or representation of real work. The flow being described may refer to a document, service, or product that is being transferred from one step to another. Workflows may be viewed as one fundamental building block to be combined with other parts of an organization's structure such as information technology, teams, projects and hierarchies.

Workflows

Digital tools used to help individuals better organize, analyze, improve, and execute certain processes in their surrounding environment. 

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