Attachment is defined as a long-standing connection or bond with others. In the context of developmental psychology, it specifically refers to the crucial bond formed between an infant and a caregiver, which is considered the major social milestone of infancy. The study of attachment also extends to adulthood, examining the tendency to seek and maintain emotionally supportive relationships.

Attachment in Developmental Psychology

Infants initially lack a self-concept, an understanding of their own identity. For example, when presented with a mirror, a young infant will interact with their reflection as if it were another baby. A key indicator of developing self-awareness, known as self-recognition, emerges around 18 months of age. This is often demonstrated through the mirror test, where a toddler who sees a mark on their nose in the mirror will touch their own nose, not the reflection. This development continues, and by 24 to 36 months, children can typically identify themselves in photographs.

Development of Self-Concept in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Read the following scenario and then analyze the child's behavior to identify the developmental milestones being demonstrated.

Observing Early Childhood Behavior

Psychosocial development takes place as infants and children build relationships, engage with others, and learn to comprehend and regulate their emotions. Attachment is the main psychosocial milestone of infancy and forming a self-concept is the main psychosocial milestone of childhood.

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The domain of psychosocial development focuses on an individual's emotional life, personality, and the nature of their social relationships with others.

Psychosocial Development

Psychological topics to consider from infancy to childhood include:

- Physical development
- Cognitive development 
- Attachment 
- Self-concept

Infancy to Childhood in Psychology

Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020, April 22). Psychology (2nd ed.). OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction

OpenStax Psychology (2nd ed.) Textbook

Psychosocial Development in Infancy Through Childhood

Psychosocial development in adulthood encompasses various aspects crucial for healthy aging, such as engaging in activities, maintaining social connectedness, and understanding the role of culture. A central theme, as highlighted by theorist George Vaillant, is the continuous pursuit of meaning throughout life. This development occurs across several domains, including social relationships, cultural engagement, and career paths.

Psychosocial Development during Adulthood

A key psychosocial task during adolescence, particularly in the United States, is the development of independence from parents while simultaneously maintaining a connection with them. This period also involves prioritizing peer relationships and, according to Erikson's theory, establishing a personal identity.

Psychosocial Development during Adolescence

A teenager is navigating a new school environment. They are focused on making new friends, learning the social norms of their peer group, and are experiencing anxiety about being accepted. They are also spending time reflecting on what kind of person they want to be in this new context. Based on this scenario, which domain of human development is most clearly being demonstrated? Explain your reasoning by connecting specific aspects of the teenager's experience to the core components of that domain.

Identifying a Domain of Development

- Sensorimotor (0-2 years)
- Preoperational (2-7 years)
- Concrete Operational (7-11)
- Formal Operations (11+ years)

Piaget's 4 Stages of Discontinuous Child Cognitive Development

From infancy to childhood, individuals develop:
- Reflexes
- Motor Skills

Physical Development from Infancy to Childhood

Read the following scenario about a 4-year-old child named Maya. Analyze her behaviors and statements, identifying examples of at least three distinct areas of psychological development. For each area you identify, explain how Maya's actions demonstrate that specific type of development.

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