*E. coli* is a gammaproteobacteria. It is one of the most well studied bacterium and is a model organism used in science laboratories. Some *E. coli* strains can be a pathogen or have a mutalistic relationship with humans. The pathogens can cause diarrhea or in severe cases can cause inflammation of red blood cells and pyelonephritis. 

*Escherichia coli* as the Causative Agent of Pyelonephritis

Pyelonephritis can be diagnosed by culturing and analyzing a urine sample and testing for nitrite levels and esterase.  Blood cultures are also used to evaluate the spread of a pathogen in the bloodstream.

Diagnosis of Pyelonephritis

Antibiotics can be administered orally or through an IV. Antibiotics commonly used to treat Pyelonephritis include aminoglycosides, vancomycin, carbapenems, penicillin, fluroquinolones, and cephalosporins. 

Treatment for Pyelonephritis

Pyelonephritis is inflammation of the kidney. It can be caused by a spreading infection from the bladder or an infection from the bloodstream. When left untreated, the kidney can become scarred. 

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- Cystitis
- Pyelonephritis
- Glomerulonephritis
- Leptospirosis
- Nongonococcal Urethritis

Bacterial Infections of the Urinary Tract System

https://openstax.org/details/books/microbiology/

Microbiology covers the scope and sequence requirements for a single-semester microbiology course for non-majors. The book presents the core concepts of microbiology with a focus on applications for careers in allied health. The pedagogical features of the text make the material interesting and accessible while maintaining the career-application focus and scientific rigor inherent in the subject matter. Microbiology’s art program enhances students’ understanding of concepts through clear and effective illustrations, diagrams, and photographs.

Microbiology is produced through a collaborative publishing agreement between OpenStax and the American Society for Microbiology Press. The book aligns with the curriculum guidelines of the American Society for Microbiology.

OpenStax Microbiology Textbook

Cystitis is a bacterial bladder infection. It can also be caused due to reactions to different radiation therapy, body sprays, and spermicides. 

Cystitis

Pyelonephritis

Glomerulonephritis occurs when the filtering blood vessels of the kidney, called the glomerulus become inflamed. This can be a chronic infection, unlike pyelonephritis.

Glomerulonephritis

Leptospirosis is an infection of the kidneys but can spread to other organs like the liver or lungs. Serious infection of the liver and kidneys causes Weil's disease. 

Leptospirosis

Nongonococcal urethritis is inflammation of the urethra that is not related to *N. gonorrhoeae*. 

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