Backpain and hematuria are the most common symptoms of pyelonephritis.

Symptoms of Pyelonephritis

*E. coli* is a gammaproteobacteria. It is one of the most well studied bacterium and is a model organism used in science laboratories. Some *E. coli* strains can be a pathogen or have a mutalistic relationship with humans. The pathogens can cause diarrhea or in severe cases can cause inflammation of red blood cells and pyelonephritis. 

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The gammaproteobacteria class consists of a large and diverse group of gram-negative bacteria. It consists of many pathogens. 

Gammaproteobacteria

Pyelonephritis is inflammation of the kidney. It can be caused by a spreading infection from the bladder or an infection from the bloodstream. When left untreated, the kidney can become scarred. 

Pyelonephritis

https://openstax.org/details/books/microbiology/

Microbiology covers the scope and sequence requirements for a single-semester microbiology course for non-majors. The book presents the core concepts of microbiology with a focus on applications for careers in allied health. The pedagogical features of the text make the material interesting and accessible while maintaining the career-application focus and scientific rigor inherent in the subject matter. Microbiology’s art program enhances students’ understanding of concepts through clear and effective illustrations, diagrams, and photographs.

Microbiology is produced through a collaborative publishing agreement between OpenStax and the American Society for Microbiology Press. The book aligns with the curriculum guidelines of the American Society for Microbiology.

OpenStax Microbiology Textbook

*Escherichia coli* as the Causative Agent of Pyelonephritis

Pyelonephritis can be diagnosed by culturing and analyzing a urine sample and testing for nitrite levels and esterase.  Blood cultures are also used to evaluate the spread of a pathogen in the bloodstream.

Diagnosis of Pyelonephritis

Antibiotics can be administered orally or through an IV. Antibiotics commonly used to treat Pyelonephritis include aminoglycosides, vancomycin, carbapenems, penicillin, fluroquinolones, and cephalosporins. 

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