Symptoms of the illness include rapid dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and diarrhea. 

Cholera: Signs and Symptoma

The microbial cells move through the mucous layer of the intestines before attaching to epithelial cells and releasing cholera enterotoxin, a A-B toxin associated with adenylate cyclase. The enterotoxin stimulates the increase of cyclic AMP levels, activating chloride channels and releasing ions into the intestinal lumen. An increase in osmotic pressure in the lumen causes water (and electrolytes) to leave the body and enter into the lumen, hence rapid dehydration and electrolyte imbalance.

Cholera: Virulence Factors

Vibrio cholerae serotype 1 is a gram-negative bacterium shaped like a curved rod (vibrio) that is flagellated with a monotrichous flagellum. Because it is sensitive to stomach acid, a large number of cells must be ingested to successfully reach the intestines and cause infection.

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GI illness caused by Vibrio cholera, characterized by diarrhea, and associated with poor sanitation, often spread by contaminated food and water

Cholera

A monotrichous flagellum is a singular flagellum typically located at one end (polar) of a bacterial cell. An example of a pathogen with this arrangement is *Vibrio cholerae*, the gram-negative bacterium that causes cholera.

Monotrichous Flagellum

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Cholera Caused by Vibrio cholerae

Vibrio species other than cholera that cause disease include:

- Vibrio parahrmolyticus
- Vibrio vulnificus
- Aeromonas hydrophilia
- Plesiomonas shigelloides

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