Hematuria is blood in the urine. This is a common symptom of bladder and kidney infections. 

Hematuria

Pyelonephritis is tested by microscopic analysis of the urine and testing urine cultures for leukocyte esterases and nitrate levels. Blood tests are also run to see if the infection has spread to the bloodstream. Kidney imaging can be done in high risk patients, such as the elderly. 

Testing for Pyelonephritis

Backpain and hematuria are the most common symptoms of pyelonephritis.

University of Wisconsin - Madison

*E. coli* is a gammaproteobacteria. It is one of the most well studied bacterium and is a model organism used in science laboratories. Some *E. coli* strains can be a pathogen or have a mutalistic relationship with humans. The pathogens can cause diarrhea or in severe cases can cause inflammation of red blood cells and pyelonephritis. 

*Escherichia coli* as the Causative Agent of Pyelonephritis

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Microbiology covers the scope and sequence requirements for a single-semester microbiology course for non-majors. The book presents the core concepts of microbiology with a focus on applications for careers in allied health. The pedagogical features of the text make the material interesting and accessible while maintaining the career-application focus and scientific rigor inherent in the subject matter. Microbiology’s art program enhances students’ understanding of concepts through clear and effective illustrations, diagrams, and photographs.

Microbiology is produced through a collaborative publishing agreement between OpenStax and the American Society for Microbiology Press. The book aligns with the curriculum guidelines of the American Society for Microbiology.

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