Carew, T. J., Pinsker, H. M., & Kandel, E. R. (1972). Long-term habituation of a defensive withdrawal reflex in Aplysia. Science, 175(4020), 451-454. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.175.4020.451

Long-term habituation of a defensive withdrawal reflex in Aplysia

Bahrick, H. P., Bahrick, L. E., Bahrick, A. S., & Bahrick, P. E. (1993). Maintenance of foreign language vocabulary and the spacing effect. *Psychological Science*, *4*(5), 316-321. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1993.tb00571.x

Maintenance of foreign language vocabulary and the spacing effect

Shea, J. B., & Morgan, R. L. (1979). Contextual interference effects on the acquisition, retention, and transfer of a motor skill. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 5(2), 179. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.5.2.179

Contextual interference effects on the acquisition, retention, and transfer of a motor skill

Bjork, R. A. (1979). Information‐processing analysis of college teaching. Educational Psychologist, 14(1), 15-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461527909529203

An information-processing analysis of college teaching

Rodriguez F, Rivas MJ, Matsumura LH, Warschauer M, Sato BK (2018) How do students study in STEM courses? Findings from a light-touch intervention and its relevance for underrepresented students. PLOS ONE 13(7): e0200767. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0200767

How do students study in STEM courses? 

Carvalho, P. F., Sana, F., & Yan, V. X. (2020). Self-regulated spacing in a massive open online course is related to better learning. *npj Science of Learning*, *5*(2), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41539-020-0061-1

Self-regulated spacing in a massive open online course is related to better learning

This classification categorizes academic literature and empirical studies demonstrating the spacing effect across various learning domains, including non-human animal conditioning, verbal learning, motor skill acquisition, and the learning of educational materials.

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

Google

Academic literature and references studying the spacing effect can be categorized into topics such as its early origins, displays of the effect across different learning domains, and comparisons between the effects of spacing versus massing.

Types of Spacing Effect References

This classification categorizes foundational academic literature and early studies that explore the origins, underlying mechanisms, and initial theoretical implications of the spacing effect in memory and learning.

Early References on the Origins of the Spacing Effect

This classification categorizes academic literature and empirical studies that directly compare the effects of spaced practice (distributed learning) versus massed practice (cramming) on memory retention, induction, and overall learning outcomes.

Learn Before

Related

Learn After