Associative knowledge is often represented in imagery, which confirms DCT's claim that meaning results from the interplay of both verbal and nonverbal systems. 

University of California, Berkeley

- The meaning of words
- Relations between associative knowledge and imagery 

Associative Structure of Knowledge 

Clark, J. M., & Paivio, A. (1991). Dual coding theory and education. Educational psychology review, 3(3), 149-210.

Dual coding theory and education

Words derive meaning from their relations with other words. The associative relations connect one word to another and contribute to associative knowledge. Associative knowledge can be seen as a collection of associations between verbal representations, with incorporation of nonverbal elements. 

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