Words derive meaning from their relations with other words. The associative relations connect one word to another and contribute to associative knowledge. Associative knowledge can be seen as a collection of associations between verbal representations, with incorporation of nonverbal elements. 

The Meaning of Words

Associative knowledge is often represented in imagery, which confirms DCT's claim that meaning results from the interplay of both verbal and nonverbal systems. 

Relations between associative knowledge and imagery

- The meaning of words
- Relations between associative knowledge and imagery 

University of California, Berkeley

- Imagery Processes in the Meaning of Words and Text
- Associative Structure of Knowledge 

Structure of Knowledge

Clark, J. M., & Paivio, A. (1991). Dual coding theory and education. Educational Psychology Review, 3(3), 149-210. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01320076

Dual Coding Theory and Education (Clark & Paivio, 1991)

Word concreteness and imagery are very important in cognitive and educational tasks in learning. They also play an important role in meaning and comprehension of words. For example, images benefit text comprehension and reading of educational materials often elicit spontaneous imagery. 

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