Pinder's (2010,2012) Study:

• 87 African heritage high school students within Maryland
• 18 were Afro-Caribbean, 69 were African Americans
• Afro-Caribbean students did significantly better in chemistry (t=2.43, p<0.05)
• Parental variables were factors

Fisher's (2005) Research:

• 26 high school students from of African heritage in an urban high school
• high achievers were all immigrants from the Caribbean and Africa or second-generation US citizens
• They have strong parental support and high academic expectations

Jeynes's (2003) Study

• utilized 26 studies, of which 20 studies were in his meta-analysis
• Specific Components: the extent of which parents communicated with their children about school; parents checking on their children's home work; parental expectations of the academic success of their children; parents' encouragement
• Six Racial Grouping: a) mostly African American, b) al African American c) mostly Asian American, d) all Asian American e) mostly Latino and Asian American f) all Latino and Asian American
• Results: Parental involvement does have an effects on minorities' academic achievement