The steps of RNA transcription are shared between eukaryotes and prokaryotes. The steps of RNA Transcription are:

1. Initiation
2. Elongation
3. Termination

The Steps of RNA Transcription

RNA Polymerase transcribes RNA transcripts from DNA templates in transcription. There are several types in eukaryotes, while prokaryotes use one type of RNA Polymerase.

RNA Polymerase

While RNA Transcription is different in key ways between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the end products are nucleic acids. These are: 
- mRNA
- tRNA
- rRNA

End Products of RNA Transcription

Promoter sequences are DNA sequences that define where transcription of a gene by RNA polymerase begins. Transcription factor activators can also interact with this sequence to activate transcription. Promoter sequences are typically located directly upstream of the genes they regulate. 

Promoter

  While RNA Transcription shares many of the same enzymes and components with other organisms, here we designate that differences in RNA transcription in the domains of life. 

- Prokaryotic RNA Transcription
- Eukaryotic RNA Transcription

Classifications of RNA Transcription by the Domains of Life

Transcription is the process of transcribing the genetic information of DNA into RNA transcripts. This transcript is mobile and is a copy of DNA with RNA nucleotides. This process is largely conserved in prokaryotes and eukaryotes with some significant differences between them.

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Gene expression refers to the processes of using the genetic code to make proteins.  This process occurs in two steps: transcription and translation. This occurs in all of the classifications of microbial genetics.
Gene expression is also described as the "Central Dogma of Molecular Biology" to describe the transfer of information of the genetic code in cells.

Gene Expression

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Microbiology covers the scope and sequence requirements for a single-semester microbiology course for non-majors. The book presents the core concepts of microbiology with a focus on applications for careers in allied health. The pedagogical features of the text make the material interesting and accessible while maintaining the career-application focus and scientific rigor inherent in the subject matter. Microbiology’s art program enhances students’ understanding of concepts through clear and effective illustrations, diagrams, and photographs.

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Translation is the decoding of mRNA transcripts into proteins. Protein synthesis uses more energy in a cell than any other metabolic process. This overall process is conserved with prokaryotes and eukaryotes with important differences in the proteins and mRNA involved. 

Translation (Protein Synthesis)

Gene expression must be regulated in order to express the genes that are needed at the right times so that cellular energy is not wasted. There are many regulatory genes required for gene regulation in eukaryotes and prokaryotes.

Gene Regulation

Mutations in the genetic code occur at the DNA base pair level when a DNA base pair is changed. It may or may not have a noticeable change to the protein that is made due to redundancy in the genetic code. However, a mutation in the DNA can lead to a noticeable phenotype. 

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