Translation is the decoding of mRNA transcripts into proteins. Protein synthesis uses more energy in a cell than any other metabolic process. This overall process is conserved with prokaryotes and eukaryotes with important differences in the proteins and mRNA involved. 

Translation (Protein Synthesis)

Gene expression must be regulated in order to express the genes that are needed at the right times so that cellular energy is not wasted. There are many regulatory genes required for gene regulation in eukaryotes and prokaryotes.

Gene Regulation

Mutations in the genetic code occur at the DNA base pair level when a DNA base pair is changed. It may or may not have a noticeable change to the protein that is made due to redundancy in the genetic code. However, a mutation in the DNA can lead to a noticeable phenotype. 

Mutations

Transcription is the process of transcribing the genetic information of DNA into RNA transcripts. This transcript is mobile and is a copy of DNA with RNA nucleotides. This process is largely conserved in prokaryotes and eukaryotes with some significant differences between them.

Transcription

Gene expression refers to the processes of using the genetic code to make proteins.  This process occurs in two steps: transcription and translation. This occurs in all of the classifications of microbial genetics.
Gene expression is also described as the "Central Dogma of Molecular Biology" to describe the transfer of information of the genetic code in cells.

University of Wisconsin - Madison

The genetics of eukaryotic organisms. This describes the genetic processes of eukaryotics that are distinct because their genetic material is contained in a nucleus. 

Eukaryotic genetics

The genetics of prokaryotic organisms. This is primarily focused on genes of the single, circular chromosome and extrachromosomal DNA found  in prokaryotes.

Prokaryotic genetics

https://openstax.org/details/books/microbiology/

Microbiology covers the scope and sequence requirements for a single-semester microbiology course for non-majors. The book presents the core concepts of microbiology with a focus on applications for careers in allied health. The pedagogical features of the text make the material interesting and accessible while maintaining the career-application focus and scientific rigor inherent in the subject matter. Microbiology’s art program enhances students’ understanding of concepts through clear and effective illustrations, diagrams, and photographs.

Microbiology is produced through a collaborative publishing agreement between OpenStax and the American Society for Microbiology Press. The book aligns with the curriculum guidelines of the American Society for Microbiology.

OpenStax Microbiology Textbook

Gene Expression

DNA replication is the copying of the genome. It happens in prokaryotic, archaeal, eukaryotic and viral genomes. DNA replication is semiconservative. This describes how, during DNA replication, the DNA is separated and single strands serve as the template for the synthesized DNA. This was determined by Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl in 1958. 

DNA Replication

Horizontal gene transfer is the movement of genetic material between organisms other than by the vertical transmission of DNA from parent to offspring. In bacteria, this process is a primary driver for the rapid spread of genetic traits, including antibiotic resistance genes.

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