In collective intelligence, individuals share diverse information, including qualitative and quantitative data, to enhance the group's overall knowledge. Ensuring the accuracy of this shared data—such as by combining datasets and removing incorrectly replicated information—is crucial for effective collaborative problem-solving and understanding human behavior.

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Shared or group intelligence that emerges from the collaboration, collective efforts, and competition of many individuals. When groups of people work together, they create intelligence that cannot exist on an individual level.

Collective Intelligence

Data encompasses facts, figures, or information gathered for analysis, reference, or computation. It can be qualitative or quantitative and serves as the foundation for reasoning, discussion, or calculation across fields like scientific research, business, and technology. Data exists in diverse forms, including numbers, text, images, or sounds, and is processed to extract meaningful insights. In computing, data is the foundational element; all interactions revolve around reading, modifying, and creating it. Fundamentally, all computer data is stored as uniform sequences of bits, making it inherently similar regardless of its perceived form.

Data (Information)

Diversity in a group of individuals information, knowledge, representations, mental models and heuristics. It can improve problem solving, predicting and designing.

Cognitive Diversity

- Superadditive Intelligence (Wisdom of Crowds)
- Emergent Intelligence

Types of Collective Intelligence

Collective intelligence results from the collaboration of many individuals. People bring their own unique knowledge base and way of thinking. Since there are many unique individuals working together, many barriers can occur that prevent collective intelligence from reaching its full potential. One main barrier to collective intelligence is a lack of awareness of a subject. If people do not consider a subject important enough, then they would not be willing to work together to address a subject. Other main barriers can result from the education system. If the school does not address a subject enough in developing coursework, then it is likely to receive very little attention in the future. For example, the ocean has often been neglected in scheduled lessons, which has resulted in a low collective intelligence in the subject, subsequently leading to some people polluting the ocean and others unsure of how to save it. 



Barriers to Collective Intelligence

Conflict that has reached into the governmental system and involves guerrilla groups has impeded Colombia’s development, leading to a diminishing of the country’s collective intelligence and its ability to work together to address issues. The goal is to provide spaces in the city where opposing groups can resolve conflict in civil, non-violent ways and social issues can be addressed using the collective intelligence of the citizenry.

Social issues undermine collective intelligence

- Gower's Collaborative Theorem
- Collective Intelligence in Early Humans
- Collective Intelligence in the Agricultural Revolution
- Collective Intelligence in the Industrial Revolution
- Collective Intelligence in Businesses
- Collective Intelligence in Crises

Examples of Collective Intelligence

Collective Intelligence can be measured through the actions of a group and their ability to efficiently perform a variety of tasks. More specifically through a comparison of the group's ability to perform one task which is then correlated with the same group's ability to perform a variety of other tasks. 

Measurement of Collective Intelligence 

- Information Technology
- Collective Intelligence in Marine Science

Improving Collective Intelligence

Collective Intelligence References

Collective intelligence functions as superminds by encompassing groups of people and computers as cohesive entities with scientifically measurable properties.

Collective Intelligence as Superminds

Anita Woolley and their team found that groups, like individuals, possess a single statistical factor, akin to individual intelligence, which predicts their performance across various tasks. Termed collective intelligence, this group factor mirrors the concept of general intelligence found in individuals, shedding light on what makes groups effective across tasks. In initial studies, it was assessed whether collective intelligence could predict performance on tasks not included in its calculation. Groups were assigned complex tasks requiring a combination of abilities, like playing checkers against a computer or constructing structures with building blocks under specific rules. Results revealed that collective intelligence scores strongly predicted performance on these complex tasks, surpassing the predictive power of either the group members' average or maximum individual intelligence.

Collective Intelligence is a Group's General Intelligence

The word "Supermind" is defined in Collins dictionary as “a powerful combination of many individual minds.”

Thomas W. Malone in his book "Superminds" identified the following four components in the definition of Supermind:
- A Group
- Of Individuals
- Acting Together
- In Ways That Seem Intelligent

Superminds

Role of Data in Collective Intelligence

Structured data is comprised of clearly defined data types whose pattern makes them easily searchable. Data may be human or machine generated as long as the data is created within an RDBMS structure. This format is eminently searchable both with human generated queries and via algorithms using type of data and field names, such as alphabetical or numeric, currency or date.

Structured Data

Unstructured data either does not have a pre-defined data model or is not organized in a pre-defined manner. It has internal structure but is not structured via pre-defined data models or schema. Unstructured data may be textual or non-textual, and human- or machine-generated. It may also be stored within a non-relational database like NoSQL.

Unstructured Data

For CNNs, the data used usually has several channels (single channel or multichannel)  with different dimensionalities (1-D, 2-D, or 3-D). Each of these channels represent an observation of a different quantity at some point in space or time.

Data Types in CNN

Raw data, also referred to as unanalyzed data, is the initial information collected during a research study before any organization, coding, or cleaning has occurred. In psychological research, this data can take several different forms, such as completed paper-and-pencil questionnaires, digital files containing numbers or text, video recordings, or written observational notes.

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