- (1) Use human rather than animal cells
- (2) Models contain multiple pulmonary cell lines to represent conditions in lungs
- (3) 3D scaffolds that mimic native pulmonary architecture 
- (4) Culture methods that permit generation of an extracellular matrix (ECM) prior to viral infection to better represent in vivo conditions


Improving Relevance of In Vitro Models for COVID-19

Roles of In Vitro Models for COVID-19
In vitro models:
- (1) allow for better characterization and understanding of the host-pathogen interface and mechanisms of infection of SARS-CoV-2
- (2) serve as a platform for high-throughput screening of potential therapeutics for SARS-CoV-2
Accruate in vitro modeling is important to identify biomarkers that can serve as diagnostic and therapeutic targets. 

Carnegie Mellon University

Applications of Tissue Engineering for COVID-19

Tatara A. M. (2020). Role of Tissue Engineering in COVID-19 and Future Viral Outbreaks. Tissue engineering. Part A, 26(9-10), 468–474. https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.TEA.2020.0094

Role of Tissue Engineering in COVID-19 and Future Viral Outbreaks

Roles of In Vitro Models for COVID-19

- (1) target medications to specific organ systems to increase bioavailability
- (2) extend the release of medications so that frequent administration is not necessary
Tissue engineering is needed to develop vehicles to deliver therapeutic molecules (such as repurposed small-molecule drugs, monoclonal antibodies, and oligonucleotides) to the desired area.

Roles of Drug Delivery System Development for COVID-19

Biomaterials act as:
- (1) Particle-based platforms: biomaterials serve as the drug delivery vehicle for vaccines as well as the adjuvant to enhance immune system response. 
- (2) scaffold systems: pore size, profile of released recruitment signals, scaffolds, etc can potentially be used to concentrate antigen-presenting cells to vaccine components

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