1. Abandoned Child
2. Angry and Impulsive Child
3. Punitive Parent
4. Detached Protector 
5. Healthy Adult


5 Major Schema Modes in BPD Patients

1. Experiential imagery 
2. Gestalt "two-chair" method
3. Limited reparenting
4. Cognitive restructuring
5. Behavioral pattern-breaking
6. Assertiveness training
7. Self-nurturing pleasurable activities
8. Cognitive coping techniques (e.g., flash cards, the schema diary)
9. Self-soothing skills (e.g., mindfulness meditation, progressive muscle relaxation, safe-place imagery, positive suggestions)
10. Role-plays

Psychological Techniques used in Schema-focused Therapy

1. Therapist-patient bonding and emotion regulation
2. Change maladaptive schema modes 
3. Reclaim autonomy

Stages of Schema-focused Treatment

Schema-focused therapy identifies five major modes BPD patients frequently exhibit when reacting to the external world; this therapy aims to foster the growth and strength of one mode named 'healthy adult' to exert over the rest of the four less constructive modes. 

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1. Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)
2. Mentalization-based therapy (MBT)
3. Transference-focused therapy (TFP)
4. System training for emotional predictability and problem-solving (STEPPS)
5. Schema-focused therapy 
6. Standard cognitive therapy 
7. Good psychiatric management
8. Rogerian supportive therapy 

Evidence-based Treatments for BPD

Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S., & Weishaar, M. E. (2006). Schema therapy: A practitioner's guide. Guilford Press.

Schema-focused Therapy

Schema-focused Therapy for BPD

TFP focuses on repairing patients' dysfunctional object-relations and helping them to integrate their fragmented identities to maintain the succinctness of their internal world despite the chaotic external world. 

Transference-focused Therapy (TFP) for BPD

MBT aims to enhance patients' social cognition by fostering the ability to comprehend and interpret their own and others' mental states in a systematic and logical manner.

Mentalization-based Treatment (MBT) for BPD

The STEEPS program aims to enhance BPD patients' ability to regulate their emotions by teaching them emotion regulation skills and empowering significant others (e.g., family member, caregiver) to support BPD patients.

System training for emotional predictability and problem-solving (STEPPS) for BPD

DBT facilitates one to practice self-acceptance and initiate self-change through obtaining relevant skills and cultivating dialectical thinking. 

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