1. Preliminary psychoeducation & faith establishment
2. Emotion management training
3. Behavior management training
4. [optional extension program]  STAIRWAYS

3 Components of STEPPS

The STEEPS program aims to enhance BPD patients' ability to regulate their emotions by teaching them emotion regulation skills and empowering significant others (e.g., family member, caregiver) to support BPD patients.

New York University

1. Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)
2. Mentalization-based therapy (MBT)
3. Transference-focused therapy (TFP)
4. System training for emotional predictability and problem-solving (STEPPS)
5. Schema-focused therapy 
6. Standard cognitive therapy 
7. Good psychiatric management
8. Rogerian supportive therapy 

Evidence-based Treatments for BPD

Blum, N., Pfohl, B., John, D. S., Monahan, P., & Black, D. W. (2002). STEPPS: a cognitive-behavioral systems-based group treatment for outpatients with borderline personality disorder—a preliminary report. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 43(4), 301-310.

STEEPS Program for BPD

Schema-focused therapy identifies five major modes BPD patients frequently exhibit when reacting to the external world; this therapy aims to foster the growth and strength of one mode named 'healthy adult' to exert over the rest of the four less constructive modes. 

Schema-focused Therapy for BPD

TFP focuses on repairing patients' dysfunctional object-relations and helping them to integrate their fragmented identities to maintain the succinctness of their internal world despite the chaotic external world. 

Transference-focused Therapy (TFP) for BPD

MBT aims to enhance patients' social cognition by fostering the ability to comprehend and interpret their own and others' mental states in a systematic and logical manner.

Mentalization-based Treatment (MBT) for BPD

System training for emotional predictability and problem-solving (STEPPS) for BPD

DBT facilitates one to practice self-acceptance and initiate self-change through obtaining relevant skills and cultivating dialectical thinking. 

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