During secondary appraisal, self-efficacy—an individual's belief in their ability to complete a task—plays an important role. A threat tends to be viewed as less catastrophic if a person believes that something can be done about it.

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Following a primary appraisal where a stressor is judged to be a threat, a secondary appraisal is performed. This involves evaluating available coping options and their perceived effectiveness. The outcome of this judgment determines the final level of perceived threat: if options are seen as effective, it results in a low threat perception, whereas ineffective or non-existent options lead to a high threat perception.

Secondary Appraisal

Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020, April 22). Psychology (2nd ed.). OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction

OpenStax Psychology (2nd ed.) Textbook

Consider two individuals, Robin and Madhuri, who both discover a breast lump, which they both primarily appraise as a threat. Their secondary appraisals, however, differ significantly. Robin's thoughts spiral into catastrophic outcomes ('I could have cancer... I can't deal with it!'), reflecting a belief that little can be done. In contrast, Madhuri acknowledges the seriousness but focuses on actionable steps and available medical options ('I need to have it checked out... I'll have a lot of different options'). This difference in secondary appraisal means Robin experiences far greater stress than Madhuri, despite facing the same potential stressor.

Example of Secondary Appraisal

A low level of perceived threat is the result of a secondary appraisal where an individual concludes that they have effective options to manage a stressor.

Low Perceived Threat

A high level of perceived threat is the result of a secondary appraisal where an individual concludes that their options for managing a stressor are ineffective or non-existent.

High Perceived Threat

Two students, Maria and David, receive an email announcing a surprise comprehensive exam in a difficult course tomorrow. Both initially judge this event as a significant threat. However, their subsequent stress levels differ dramatically. Analyze the key cognitive difference in their thought processes, described below, that accounts for this variation in their stress responses.

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