- increase in perceptual sensitivity and improved vigilance in a sustained visual attention task
- increased activation in the attention network (prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate among other regions)
- less impulsiveness, tolerance to stressors, and heightened self-esteem
- increased response inhibition predicting adaptive socio-emotional functioning 
- reduced ruminative thinking and anxiety 
- increased empathy and self-compassion 
- reduced stress symptoms, helps in the process of positive reappraisal to deal with stress

Cognitive and Psychological Effects of Meditation Retreats

The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale is a widely utilized $$10$$-item self-report questionnaire designed to operationally define and empirically measure an individual's self-esteem. Respondents rate each statement on a $$4$$-point scale, ranging from Strongly Agree to Strongly Disagree. To maintain a consistent scoring direction, the assessment applies direct scoring (assigning $$3$$ points for Strongly Agree down to $$0$$ points for Strongly Disagree) to positively worded items ($$1$$, $$2$$, $$4$$, $$6$$, and $$7$$) and reverse coding (assigning $$0$$ points for Strongly Agree up to $$3$$ points for Strongly Disagree) to negatively worded items ($$3$$, $$5$$, $$8$$, $$9$$, and $$10$$). The final self-esteem metric is calculated as the total sum of all accrued points. The $$10$$ items are: $$1$$. I feel that I’m a person of worth, at least on an equal plane with others. $$2$$. I feel that I have a number of good qualities. $$3$$. All in all, I am inclined to feel that I am a failure. $$4$$. I am able to do things as well as most other people. $$5$$. I feel I do not have much to be proud of. $$6$$. I take a positive attitude toward myself. $$7$$. On the whole, I am satisfied with myself. $$8$$. I wish I could have more respect for myself. $$9$$. I certainly feel useless at times. $$10$$. At times I think I am no good at all.

Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale

How is self-esteem typically defined in psychological research?

A generalized evaluation of one's self. Typically either a positive or negative evaluation of traits, abilities, etc. 

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Alma College

Contains information pertaining to the conceptions of the self:
- Self-Concept
- Self-Esteem
- Relational Selves
- Self-Efficacy
- Self-Guides
- Self-Schema

Various Conceptions of Self

Setterlund, M., Feshbach, S., Weiner B., & Bohart A. (2019). Personality. United States of America: Academic Media Solutions.

Personality 5th Edition

https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/psychmethods4e/

KPU Research Methods in Psychology - 4th American Edition

One's definition of who they are--includes feelings, attitudes, behaviors, desires, and judgements that one considers to be characteristic of themselves. An awareness that we are physically distinct from others.

Self-Concept

Self-Esteem

The relational self pertains to how the self is related to others; specifically, how mental representations may be tied to other people and how we change how we define ourselves when in the context of other people. 

Relational Self

Proposed by Albert Bandura, self-efficacy is an individual's belief in their own ability to successfully complete a specific task. This belief, which can be influenced by past successes in similar tasks, is considered a key factor in determining a person's motivation, emotional state, and subsequent behavior.

Self-Efficacy

Result from shortcomings among our current, ideal, and ought self. These shortcomings help motivate us and guide us towards becoming our ideal and ought selves.

Self-Guides

Knowledge structure that consists of cognitive generalizations we have about ourselves. 

Self-Schema

A person's overall subjective evaluation on their worth, and how they feel about the evaluation. Those with high self esteem tend to feel hopeful, and those with low self esteem tend to feel hopeless and withdraw. Typically either a positive or negative evaluation of traits, abilities, etc.

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