Cole,A. (2014).Sports Participation and Academic Achievement: Does Self- Efficacy Play a Role? The University Of Arizona University Libraries 

-this study sought to examine the relations between sports participation, academic achievement, and self efficacy in high school students.

Self Efficacy Influence on Sport and Academic Achievement

When helping individuals overcome an addiction, it is important for the counselor to help the client develop a greater sense of self-efficacy, so they believe they can move past the addiction and resist the temptation to relapse.

Self-Efficacy in Addictions Counseling

The degree of confidence individuals have in their capacity to be creative. It also acts as a mediating factor between Creative ideation and Active procrastination

Creative Self-efficacy

Participants are given 10 items where each item is rated on a four‐point Likert scale (1 = not at all true–4 = exactly true). A higher score indicates higher self-efficacy. 

General Self‐Efficacy Scale (GSES)

In this article, researchers are shown to have paid attention to how students' thoughts and beliefs play a role in the learning process. 
- This article shows the "empirical literature" that shows how students' self efficacy affects education by the addressing the research question: which are the factors shown to affect the self-efficacy of students within higher education settings? 
- The results show that there is a way to enhance self efficacy based on social cognitive theory and several factors influenced self efficacy as well. 

Abstract of Factors of affecting students' self-efficacy in higher education 

Van Dinther, Mart, Filip Dochy, and Mien Segers. "Factors affecting students’ self-efficacy in higher education." Educational research review 6.2 (2011): 95-108.

A person’s belief about their own skills and capabilities regarding civic participation, being a responsible citizen, and influencing change.

Civic Efficacy

A sense of self-efficacy is an important part of quit attempts for smokers because it allows them to feel like they are capable of quitting.  However, there is concern that failed quit attempts through smoking cessation programs may cause a decrease in self-efficacy, which could cause harm by preventing further quit attempts.  

Self-Efficacy/Motivation and Smoking Cessation Programs

According to Albert Bandura's theory, self-efficacy is a crucial driver of motivation. This connection stems from an individual's expectations about the outcomes of their actions. A strong belief in one's own capabilities determines the goals they set and their commitment to achieving them. Consequently, individuals with high self-efficacy are more inclined to undertake difficult tasks and persist through setbacks, as they are confident in their ability to succeed.

Self-Efficacy and Motivation

An engineering student feels a general sense of pride and worth as a person. However, when faced with a complex programming assignment, they feel anxious and doubt their ability to write the code successfully. Which of the following statements best analyzes this student's psychological state?

Individuals with high self-efficacy are confident that their goals are attainable. They perceive challenges as opportunities for mastery, become deeply engaged and committed to their activities, and demonstrate resilience by recovering quickly from failures.

Characteristics of High Self-Efficacy

Individuals with low self-efficacy often avoid challenging tasks because they doubt their ability to succeed. They tend to concentrate on failure and negative outcomes, and their confidence in their own abilities diminishes when they encounter setbacks.

Characteristics of Low Self-Efficacy

An individual's level of self-efficacy is not a fixed, global trait but can vary depending on the specific situation or task. A person can feel highly confident in one area while feeling insecure in another.

Situational Nature of Self-Efficacy

While both are cognitive factors in personality, locus of control and self-efficacy are distinct concepts. Self-efficacy refers to one's belief in their own *ability* to succeed in specific tasks. In contrast, locus of control refers to one's belief about the *power* they have over the outcomes in their life in general.

Comparison of Locus of Control and Self-Efficacy

Proposed by Albert Bandura, self-efficacy is an individual's belief in their own ability to successfully complete a specific task. This belief, which can be influenced by past successes in similar tasks, is considered a key factor in determining a person's motivation, emotional state, and subsequent behavior.

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Self-regulations are conscious and unconscious motivations and controlling actions that guide us towards achieving our personal goals. Some examples of these motivations include the need for consistent and accurate self, the desire to improve the self, and self-enhancement.

Motivations and Self-Regulation

Contains information pertaining to the conceptions of the self:
- Self-Concept
- Self-Esteem
- Relational Selves
- Self-Efficacy
- Self-Guides
- Self-Schema

Various Conceptions of Self

Using cross-sectional surveys given to nursing students at two junior colleges (n=347) and SPSS, Guo et. al. aimed to explore nursing students' academic procrastination and its relationship with emotional intelligence (EI) and self‐efficacy, and self‐efficacy's mediation of the relationship between EI and academic procrastination. Emotional intelligence (EI) and self‐efficacy were found to be negatively associated with academic procrastination. Students who reported lower EI and self‐efficacy may be at a higher risk of academic procrastination.

Guo et. al. pose that a larger focus on these influencing factors can help nursing educators and consultants develop intervention measures aimed at decreasing students' procrastination behavior.

Academic Procrastination and Emotional Intelligence 

Albert Bandura's social-cognitive theory posits that personality develops through learning, a view he shared with Skinner. However, Bandura diverged from Skinner's strict behaviorism by emphasizing the critical role of cognitive processes like thinking and reasoning. This theory identifies three core concepts that interact to shape personality: reciprocal determinism, observational learning, and self-efficacy.

Social-Cognitive Theory of Personality (Bandura)

Fiske, S. T., & Taylor, S. E. (2017). Social cognition: From brains to culture. London: Sage Publications. 

 Social Cognition: From Brains to Culture 3rd Edition

Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020, April 22). Psychology (2nd ed.). OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction

OpenStax Psychology (2nd ed.) Textbook

People compare their current self to internalized standards or the “ideal/ought self.” Inconsistencies among these different selves are associated with emotional discomforts that motivate us to take actions to help meet our ideal self.

Self-Discrepancy Theory

Self-Efficacy

A sense of mastery that gives people the necessary resources to be able to plan to achieve their goals, deal with problems that thwart their progress, and pursue self-regulatory activities.

Sense of Personal Control

Refers to whether our attention is directed toward the self (self-awareness) or towards external factors. In self-awareness, we tend to judge our behavior against an internalized standard and adjust behavior to fit that standard.

Self-Focus

Situations of Events That Impairs Our Ability To Self-Regulate:
- Social Exclusion
- High Cognitive Load

Threats to Self-Regulation

One's definition of who they are--includes feelings, attitudes, behaviors, desires, and judgements that one considers to be characteristic of themselves. An awareness that we are physically distinct from others.

Self-Concept

A generalized evaluation of one's self. Typically either a positive or negative evaluation of traits, abilities, etc. 

Self-Esteem

The relational self pertains to how the self is related to others; specifically, how mental representations may be tied to other people and how we change how we define ourselves when in the context of other people. 

Relational Self

Result from shortcomings among our current, ideal, and ought self. These shortcomings help motivate us and guide us towards becoming our ideal and ought selves.

Self-Guides

Knowledge structure that consists of cognitive generalizations we have about ourselves. 

Self-Schema

A person's overall subjective evaluation on their worth, and how they feel about the evaluation. Those with high self esteem tend to feel hopeful, and those with low self esteem tend to feel hopeless and withdraw. Typically either a positive or negative evaluation of traits, abilities, etc.

Guo, M., Yin, X., Wang, C., Nie, L., Wang, G.: Emotional intelligence an academic procrastination among junior college nursing students. J. Adv. Nurs. 75(11), 2710–2718 (2019)

Emotional intelligence and academic procrastination among junior college nursing students

Self-Efficacy is an individual’s belief in their ability to succeed in a given situations. In the academic context, there are many factors that play into one’s self-efficacy, and research has found how these factors can affect a student’s education. 

Academic Self-Efficacy

While both Albert Bandura and B.F. Skinner agreed that personality develops through learning, their views diverged on the mechanisms of this process. Skinner's strict behaviorist approach posited that the environment alone determines behavior. In contrast, Bandura's social-cognitive theory argued that cognitive processes, such as thinking and reasoning, are essential components of learning and that behavior, cognition, and environment all interact to shape personality.

Comparison of Skinner's and Bandura's Views on Personality Development

In contrast to B. F. Skinner's view that the environment alone determines behavior, Albert Bandura proposed the concept of reciprocal determinism. This model suggests that personality is shaped by a dynamic, mutual interaction between three factors: an individual's cognitive processes, their behavior, and the context or environment. Each of these elements simultaneously influences and is influenced by the others.

Reciprocal Determinism (Bandura)

Albert Bandura's key contribution to learning theory was the concept of vicarious learning, more commonly known as observational learning. This process involves learning by observing the behavior of another person, or model, and the consequences of that behavior. Bandura proposed that this form of learning is crucial for personality development, as individuals acquire not just single actions but entire patterns of behavior by watching others. Unlike learning through direct experience, observational learning allows for the acquisition of complex behaviors without personal trial and error.

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