Many disabled people do not identify as disabled, but self-identification is believed essential for positive disability identity formation, associated with improved self-esteem and well-being. However, there are many factors limiting self-identification of disability, including perception of stigma and demographic patterns: those with severe and apparent disabilities, those economically disadvantaged, people who have no option to “pass” as nondisabled, and those marginalized in multiple ways are more likely to be discouraged to self-identify. But those who do self-identify can use collective identity to protect against stigma by externalizing rather than internalizing prejudices.