In Mahmud Shabestari's Golshan-e Raz, the poet systematically refutes the mystical concepts of incarnation (hulul) and identification (ittihad) with the Divine. He argues that both concepts are fundamentally flawed because they presuppose duality—the existence of two separate entities that either merge or interpenetrate. From the perspective of absolute Unity, true existence belongs solely to God, and recognizing any independent existence besides the Divine is an illusion and an error. Therefore, spiritual realization is not the literal merging of two beings, but the recognition that only the One truly exists.