The spectrum allows you to identify an important way in which people differ in attitudes, behaviors, or values. For example, the spectrum is laid out horizontally, and
each participant is given a specific point on the line.


University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

Here are six ways to make frameworks (to conduct reframing)
- Taxonomies 
- Maps 
- Timelines 
- Flowcharts 
- Spectrums 
- Two-by-two matrixes

6 ways to make frameworks

Goodman, E., Kuniavsky, M., & Moed, A. Observing the User Experience, 2nd Edition.

References: Analyzing Qualitative Data

A taxonomy is a hierarchical organization that essentially brings together all your 
existing categories and subcategories and is especially useful in translating your analysis into frameworks useful for interface and information design (like the data from card sorting).

1) Taxonomies

Placing data into spatial representations serves a variety 
of purposes, espeically useful for designing mobile- or location-based services.

2) Maps

Many research outcomes, such as a diary study, have a basis of sequences of activities over a period of time, which can be tracked and presented by timelines. Timelines are especially crucial if the interest is in cyclical activities and can often present life patterns that would be difficult to observe. 

3) Timelines

The flowchart helps work out different scenarios or use cases that the design of a system or service must take into account, especially when the process can go one way or another at an important decision points.

4) Flowcharts

5) Spectrums

A two-by-two matrix uses two spectrums as the axes for a grid, then research elements (people, objects, activities, products, etc.) distribute around the four quadrants, which helps make comparisons between different categories or start thinking about cause-and-effect relationships.  

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