Theory

Stages of Abandoning Racism in Helms's Model

The first phase of Helms's model of White racial identity development describes the process of abandoning racism across three stages: 1. Contact: White individuals have limited interaction with Black people and lack awareness of cultural differences or their own privilege. 2. Disintegration: Increased interaction and awareness of their ethnicity and associated privileges causes cognitive dissonance, anxiety, guilt, and fear. 3. Reintegration: To resolve this dissonance, emotions may transform into anger toward Black people and feelings of White racial superiority, though further conflicts can shift the individual out of this phase.

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Updated 2026-07-04

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Psychology

Social Science

Empirical Science

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