According to the results of the study, for students:

• male students seem to do better on test items that involved physics or earth science knowledge as well as anything that tested visual-spatial skills
• helping female students to improve their visual-spatial skills may close the science achievement gap
• self-efficacy improvement could also help female students on the test items they struggled with, as the science learning efficacy variable was a predictor in test items involving physics and earth science
• a student's SES and minority status led to worse outcomes on test items involving physics and earth science, so teachers could focus on drilling in the fundamental concepts behind those sciences to these students