Substrate-level Phosphorylation Diagram (Figure 8.11). Reprinted from OpenStax Microbiology (p. 300), by N. Parker, M. Shneegurt, A.-h. Thi Tu, B. M. Forester, and P. Lister, 2016, Rice University. Copyright 2016 by Rice University.

Substrate-level Phosphorylation Diagram

A method for producing ATP in which a high-energy phosphate group from an organic molecule is added to ADP

(Photo credits in References)

University of Notre Dame

The negatively charged phosphate groups in ATP repel each other, leading to high-energy phosphate bonds. When these bonds are broken and phosphate group(s) released (dephosphorylation), energy is released to help drive endergonic reactions. The addition of a phosphate group (phosphorylation) to ADP regenerates ATP.

(Photo credits in References)

Energy Release and Regeneration through ATP/ADP

Two ways to generate ATP include

- Substrate-level Phosphorylation
- Oxidative Phosphorylation

Ways of Generating ATP

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Bear, R. & Rintoul, D. (N/A). Figure 8.3, Modified from original work by Bear and Rintoul. N/A: OpenStax. p. 291.

ATP Breakdown and Regeneration (OpenStax Microbiology - Figure 8.3) 

Substrate-level Phosphorylation

A method for producing ATP in which an inorganic phosphate group is added to ADP using the energy from an electrochemical gradient. The process in cellular respiration in which most ATP are generated

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