• Media multitasking harmfully affects students’ learning both in-class and outside of class.

• By requiring students to switch tasks may overload their cognitive capacity, preventing them from learning deeper.

• According to bottleneck theory, incoming information arrives at a processing bottleneck, where only one item can be processed at a time, which results in diminished performance.

• Under the scattered attention hypothesis, media multitasking disrupts cognitive control by detracting attention from the primary task. Performing multiple tasks at once is extremely time-consuming, resulting in reduced performance due to decreased attentional capacity. Interference, distraction, and errors associated with multitasking reduce performance.