People unconsciously use knowledge about the world when making judgments. Tacit knowledge us usually considered procedural ("knowing how" not "knowing what") and resembles wisdom.

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

Some psychologists make the distinction between two major types of knowledge:
- Explicit knowledge (i.e., factual, taught in school)
- Tacit knowledge (i.e., procedural, wisdom)

Two Major Types of Knowledge (Tacit and Explicit)

Implicit memory

The automatic system used in cognition. Generates: feelings, intuitions, impressions and intentions.

System 1 

Goldstein, E. B. (2014). Cognitive psychology: Connecting mind, research and everyday experience. Nelson Education.


Cognitive psychology: Connecting mind, research and everyday experience

Tacit knowledge

What facts are known about the world. It is what is consciously able to be recalled independent of context ("knowing what" not "knowing how"). 

Explicit knowledge

When people have heard something before they are more likely to assume it is true, even if the first time they were introduced to it they were told it wasn't true.

Propaganda effect

To maintain and update models of our subjective worlds

Main function of system 1

Understanding a statement begins with pondering the ramifications if it were to be true - what would it mean if it were true. This initial attempt to believe is an action of system 1.  System 1 is "bias" to believe.

Believing

A state of expending considerable cognitive effort over a long period of time without having to exert will power. Known as an "Optimal experience". It is a state of "effortless concentration, so deep they lose their sense of time, of themselves and their problems"

flow

System 1 is highly adept at creating a comprehensive story based on the information available to it - it only represents activated ideas. The quality and amount of data is irrelevant, all that matters to system 1 is how coherent the story is.

What you see is all there is (WYSIATI)

- operates automatically with no sense of voluntary control
- can be programmed by system 2 to mobilize attention to a particular pattern (search)
- executes skilled responses and intuitions after adequate training
- links a sense of cognitive ease to illusions of truth, and pleasant feelings
- distinguishes between surprising and normal
- exaggerates emotional consistency (halo effect) 
- focuses on existing evidence, ignores absent evidence (WYSIATI)
- generates a limited set of basic assessments

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Characteristics of system 1 

- Priming effect (and anchoring)

- Halo effect

- Sampling effect

- Availability heuristic

- Representative heuristic

Effects that arise from system 1 activity

The associative mechanisms in the brain (system 1) seek causes to explain and rationalize events. This is part of the reason why we are bad intuitive statisticians: statistics often deals in probabilities - relating what did happen to what could've happened.

Psychology of Cause and Change

Processing that happens:
- Without intention (unconscious, implicit)
- Low cost of cognitive resources

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