A research study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of utilizing telepractice versus traditional forms of assessment when testing language and literacy skills, specifically the Test of Integrated Language and Literacy Skills (TILLS). 

Oakland University

Telepractice is the emerging way of psychological or counseling treatment when in-person treatment is not an option or remote/virtual treatment is preferred. Diagnostic psychological assessments can also be adapted to be conducted through telepractice. 

Telepractice

The knowledge and skills needed for a specific activity or topic. There are multiple types of literacy including media, digital/technological, information, etc.

Literacy

Language is a formal system of communication that is structured by a set of rules, known as grammar, and utilizes a vocabulary of words, referred to as a lexicon.

Language

Nelson, N. W., & Plante, E. (2022). Evaluating the equivalence of telepractice and traditional administration of the test of integrated language and literacy skills. Language, Speech & Hearing Services in Schools (Online), 53(2), 376-390. doi:https://doi.org/10.1044/2022_LSHSS-21-00056

Evaluating the equivalence of telepractice and traditional administration of the test of integrated language and literacy skills

Telepractice started to largely expand in the year 2020 when the Covid-19 pandemic began. This was essential for patients to continue to receive mental health services.

Telepractice and Covid-19 Pandemic

Telepractice versus Traditional Assessment of Language and Literacy Skills Study

- Media Literacy
- Information Literacy
- Digital Literacy
- Financial Literacy
- Health Literacy 
- Civic Literacy
- Visual Literacy
 - Geo-literacy

Types of Literacy

The theory that every person's interpretation of a work will be different given what life experience they are bringing with them to said text. This creates an ongoing relationship between the reader and the text where the reader's experiences inform the text and then that reading further informs the reader's intpretation. 

Transactional Theory of Reading and Writing

Literacy is the act of learning and developing skills. What is interesting is that Literacy and peoples attachment toward it can help inform their social identity(how they interact with the world around them/perceive it). 

Literacy helping to create Identity

Teaching literacy to an audience of children is beneficial to their mental development. That is why it is important that programs are planned and developed with a young audience in mind. Effective programs include song, Storytime, rhymes, and including parents. 

Early Literacy Program Planning

Language is considered universal because it is present wherever there are people. This is further affirmed by:
- Deaf children creating their own language (Goldin-Meadow 1982)
- Humans have an innate ability to follow complex rules they are not aware of
- Different cultures have different languages (5,000+ languages, 750 discovered in New Guinea alone)
- Language development is similar across cultures (regardless of language, "babbling" starts around 7 months, meaningful words at 1 year, and multiple words at 2 years)
- Most languages have words for nouns and verbs, a system to make things negative, ask questions and convey past or present

Why is language considered "universal"?

How people understand spoken and written language. How people process language sounds and have conversations.

Language Comprehension

Language acquisition is the process of learning a language, a key area of study in cognitive development. Research indicates that the sequence in which children learn language structures is remarkably consistent across different individuals and cultures, suggesting a universal pattern in this developmental process.

Language Acquisition

How language is represented in the mind and brain. Includes how people group words to make phrases and how it is represented in the brain.

Language Representation

Any form of language, whether spoken, signed, or written, is structured around specific components. The two primary components are its lexicon (vocabulary) and its grammar (rules).

Components of Language

References on Language

- comprehension
- acquisition
- production
- articulation

Types of Language Interactions

Language families are groups of languages connected through a common language (called a ancestral, parental, or proto-language) that all languages in the family developed from. Language family classification is not always universally agreed upon.

Language Families

How people produce language. Includes the physical creation of speech and mental processes involved.

Speech Production

A language that is spoken in the U.K., the U.S., and multiple other countries.

English

Farsi, also known as Persian, is a language belonging to the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European family of languages. It is the official language of Iran, Afghanistan (where it is also called Dari), and Tajikistan (where it is known as Tajik, a variant written in the Cyrillic script). Farsi has a rich literary tradition, with a significant body of classical literature that spans poetry, prose, and philosophical works.

Farsi

Which of the following best describes the concept of language?

Which of the following elements are essential for a system to be considered a language?

Which of the following statements about language is true?

Which of the following is a key characteristic of language?

When seeking mental health treatment language barriers can be a significant obstacle towards bettering an individuals health. If a patient and healthcare professional are unable to communicate effectively it can lead to misunderstandings, misdiagnoses, and a lack of trust.

Language Barriers in Psychological Care

A demonstration of translation between English and German is the sentence pair where 'I have an apple' in English corresponds to 'Ich habe einen Apfel' in German. This illustrates a basic parallel corpus entry.

Example of an English-German Translation Pair

Although language is a method of communication, not all forms of communication qualify as language. Many animal species, for instance, communicate through non-linguistic means such as body posture, physical movements, scents, or vocal sounds. This broader form of communication is vital for social interaction within a species.

Distinction Between Language and Communication

It is a widely held view that the capacity for language is what distinguishes humans from all other animal species. This perspective suggests that language is a unique and defining characteristic of humanity.

Uniqueness of Human Language

The application of grammatical rules to a language's vocabulary enables the creation of novel and inventive expressions. This inherent flexibility allows for communication about a vast spectrum of subjects, encompassing both concrete concepts like immediate physical surroundings and abstract notions such as future plans, detailed instructions, or unseen planets. Furthermore, language provides the necessary framework to construct, organize, and articulate complex cognitive structures, including schemata and artificial concepts.

Expressive Power of Language

A central question in psychology is whether language shapes thought or if thought and beliefs shape language. This debate explores how the words we use may influence our perception and cognition. The existence of untranslatable words, which describe concepts or emotions in one language that lack a single-word equivalent in another, serves as a key area of investigation. Such words raise the question of whether different languages can lead to distinct patterns of thought among their speakers.

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