Reder, L. M., & Anderson, J. R. (1982). Effects of spacing and embellishment on memory for the main points of a text. Memory & Cognition, 10(2), 97-102.


Effects of spacing and embellishment on memory for the main points of a text

Reder, L. M., & Anderson, J. R. (1980). A comparison of texts and their summaries: Memorial consequences. *Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior*, *19*(2), 121-134.

Reder & Anderson (1980) A comparison of texts and their summaries: Memorial consequences

Benefits of text summaries in comparison to text on learning are discussed by other researchers [reder1980comparison,reder1982effects]

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

1. Concept maps improve reading comprehension
2. Text summaries are superior to text
3. Headings help comprehension
4. Left-to-right orientation improves readability
5. Pictorial 2D representation of text improves comprehension (DCT)
6. Insufficient detail and richness in Novakian concept maps

Hybrid map design rational

1. knowledge maps to deliver new information to students (Dansereau)
2. Studying CMs are advantages regardless of grade levels and the study subject both STEM and non-STEM subjects [nesbit2006learning]
3.  Studying CMs can enhance meaningful learning due to the reduction in Extraneous Cognitive Load [schroeder2018studying]. 
4. Concept maps in comparison to texts have fewer contextual details. This invokes meta-cognitive prompts to some extent as constructing a concept map [schroeder2018studying].


Concept maps improve reading comprehension

Text summaries are superior to text

In our design each node includes a summary of a text with headings. Incorporating headings in each node is aligned with previous findings on the positive impact of heading on free recall [brooks1983effects]

Headings help comprehension

- In Hybrid map the most general notions are located on the left-middle corner. readers focus more on the left corner when beginning to read a concept map [nesbit2007students]
- Hierarchical left-to-right concept maps are superior to top-down network concept maps [amadieu2009effects].

Left-to-right orientation improves readability

As advised by Piavio’s dual coding theory [clark1991dual Page164,171] in Hybrid map text summaries are represented in a pictorial node- link format which reduces verbal channel overload and enhances learning and information retention 
[kalhor2012teaching page 730].


Pictorial 2D representation of text improves comprehension (DCT)

Previously [dansereau2005nodepage 76] showed that using few words in a node may “Contain insufficient detail and richness for expressing complex and ambiguous relationships” 

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