- With patients, it is important to take their life and values into consideration initially
- Establish the patient as a stakeholder, part of a partnership  


University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

To foster community engagement, there needs to be tools set out for the public, such as:
- Face-to-face invitations
- Training meetings
- Local civil society organizations 
- Family medicine health center support 
- Zoom, Google Meet


How to Create Community Engagement from a Wide Variety of the Public 


M, G.-M., C, A.-P., B, H. A. W., Js, J., A, B.-C., & Ks, K. (2020, October 31). Patient and public involvement in sexual and Reproductive Health: Time to properly integrate citizen's input into science. International journal of environmental research and public health. Retrieved November 16, 2021, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7663614/. 


The Need for Citizen Science in Sexual and Reproductive Health Research Reference

- Idea generation 
- Prioritization
- Commissioning into research conduct
- Publication
- Implementation in clinical practice 


The Research Life Cycle

The Basics of Patient and Public Participation in Health Research

- Unclear roles
- Absent reporting guidelines
- Exclusion 
- Framework limitations 
- Resource allocation 
- Administrative boundaries 
- Worry of lack of privacy by aggressive participants 
- Being overwhelmed by the expectations over the involvement of the public 
- Different cultures
- Different values 
- Different power hierarchies


Cons of Public Involvement in Health Research

- Patient and public involvement is important to identify specific research questions 
- Public involvement can help limit the wasting of time and resources on questions and research that is not relevant to the true reality 
- Improves trial design by making sure that the design is acceptable to potential participants, facilitates recruitment for the studies and allows access to underserved and rarely heard population 


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