1.	Girls systematically underperform boys even after controlling for individual and family background characteristics, and that average gap increases with children’s age. 
2.	The differential is largest among medium-well performing children at all stages of schooling.
3.	Contrary to cross-sectional findings, gender-specific effects in favor of boys operate at all stages of schooling, confirming previous results from the US data.



Possible reasons:
-	Gender related stereotypes (girls are disadvantaged in math, boys are disadvantaged in reading literacy)
-	Girls have lesser confidence in their mathematic abilities.


Western Michigan University

Girls have a standard deviation of -0.02 at year 2, increasing to -0.13 at year 10.

The gap increases markedly between years 2 and 5, remains stable up to year 8, and increases again between year 8 and 10.


Factors that may contribute to the gender gap:
-	Parental education
-	Socioeconomic status
-	Geographical areas
-	Number of siblings


The Gender Gap in Mathematics Achievement: Evidence from Italian Data (Results)

Dalit Contini, Maria Laura Di Tommaso, Silvia Mendolia,
The gender gap in mathematics achievement: Evidence from Italian data,
Economics of Education Review,
Volume 58, 2017, Pages 32-42, ISSN 0272-7757,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2017.03.001.

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