The Metaphor of the Close-Embracing Nafs as the Ultimate Enemy in Jami's Silsilat al-Dhahab
In Section 37 of Jami's Silsilat al-Dhahab (from the Haft Awrang), the poet elaborates on the famous prophetic Hadith stating that a person's greatest enemy is their own carnal self (nafs) residing within them. Jami depicts the human soul as having two sides: a right side facing the spiritual realm (golshan-e gheyb) and a left side facing the material world of doubt (neshiman-e reyb). Situated precisely between these two sides, the nafs acts as an intimate, inescapable adversary (ham-aghoush). Unlike external enemies (whether humans or jinn) who can be avoided or appeased, the internal nafs cannot be escaped through human planning (tadbeer) or trickery (tazweer). It constantly threatens to corrupt spiritual achievements, either destroying them through greed and desire (hers o hava) or polluting them through vanity and hypocrisy ('ujb o riya).
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Humanities
Literature
Persian Literature Prerequisite Course