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Time Series
A time series is a set of measurements of a quantitative variable taken at sequential intervals over a continuous period of time. This approach allows researchers to track trends and ongoing changes within a specific domain, such as recording a factory's weekly worker productivity over an entire year.
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Data Science
KPU
Research Methods in Psychology - 4th American Edition @ KPU
D2L
Dive into Deep Learning @ D2L
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Unsupervised statistical learning
Semi Supervised learning
Differences about the Supervised vs Unsupervised Machine learning
Training a model using labeled data and using this model to predict the labels for new data is known as __________.
Modeling the features of an unlabeled dataset to find hidden structure is known as _____.
Time Series
Supervised Learning
A social psychologist wants to determine if the number of bystanders present during an emergency affects how long it takes for an individual to help. The psychologist stages an emergency in a public space and systematically varies whether there are one, three, or ten other people present. The researcher then measures the time it takes for a participant to intervene and offer assistance. In this experiment, what is the dependent variable?
Example of an Experiment: Note-Taking Method and Learning Performance
Extraneous Variable
Time Series
Confounding Variable
Internal Validity
Null Result
Non-Experimental Research
In an experimental study, which of the following best describes the dependent variable?
In a psychological experiment investigating whether a new mnemonic technique improves memory recall, the students' memory recall scores represent the dependent variable.
Match each psychological research scenario with the specific dependent variable that would be measured to evaluate the presumed effect of the study's conditions.
A researcher investigates whether practicing mindfulness for ten minutes a day reduces anxiety scores on a standardized test. Arrange the logical steps for analyzing the role of the dependent variable in this investigation.
A researcher evaluates whether 'heart rate' or 'self-reported anxiety' is a more valid measure of the presumed effect in a study on stress. This judgment specifically addresses the quality and appropriateness of the ________ variable.
Suppose you are constructing an experimental protocol to investigate if 'ambient peppermint scent' improves 'cognitive focus' during a repetitive task. To create a valid dependent variable that measures the presumed effect of the scent, which of the following measurement strategies should you propose?
In a psychological experiment, the dependent variable is the factor that the researcher actively manipulates to determine its causal effect.
Match each core aspect of a dependent variable in a psychological experiment with the statement that best describes its function or behavior.
A researcher randomly assigns participants to either a quiet room or a noisy room and asks them to study a list of 30 vocabulary words for 10 minutes. Afterward, all participants complete a written recall test. The researcher records how many words each participant correctly recalled. In this experiment, the number of words correctly recalled is the _____, because it is the factor measured to evaluate whether the manipulation of the environmental condition produced a change.
A researcher proposes using 'number of errors made on a 10-minute proofreading task' as the dependent variable in a study on whether mental fatigue (induced by 60 minutes of continuous cognitive work) impairs attention. Arrange the following evaluative steps in the logical order a researcher should follow to determine whether this dependent variable is appropriate for the study.
Learn After
Time Series Analysis and Its Applications: With R Examples (Third edition)
Time Series learning
Interrupted Time-Series Design
Which of the following best describes the defining characteristic of a time series in psychological research?
Match each component of a time series design with its correct description in a psychological study context.
A clinical psychologist monitors a patient's self-reported anxiety levels every morning for three months to evaluate the stability of their symptoms during a new treatment. Because these quantitative measurements are taken at sequential intervals over a continuous period, the psychologist is using a(n) ________.
True or False: A psychologist who monitors a patient's self-reported anxiety () every morning for a year, but then collapses all those data points into a single annual mean () for their final report, is effectively performing a time series analysis.
Stationary Dynamics
FTSE 100 Sequence Data Example
Autoregressive Conditional Probability
Synthetic Sequence Data
In the context of research methods, which of the following best defines a 'time series'?
Match each core component of a time-series design to its corresponding application in a study monitoring how student sleep quality changes throughout an academic year.
A researcher tracks the number of daily calls to a suicide prevention hotline for consecutive days to see if the frequency of calls increases during the winter holidays. True or False: This research approach is an example of a time series.
A researcher wants to use a time series approach to investigate weekly levels of test anxiety among first-year university students across one full academic semester. Arrange the following steps in the logical order required to correctly design and execute this time series study.
What is the primary purpose of utilizing a time series approach in psychological research?
A researcher monitors a group's average weekly mood ratings for an entire year to evaluate the impact of a new wellness program. Why is this time-series approach more informative than simply comparing one week of ratings before the program to one week after?
A researcher claims that a new school-wide mindfulness program significantly reduced student stress based on a single measurement taken two weeks after the program began. To evaluate whether this claim is justified or if the low stress levels are merely a temporary fluctuation, a critic would argue that the researcher should have used a(n) _____ to examine data at sequential intervals over a continuous period.