Novice learners use more mental effort and experience higher levels of disorientation about concepts when compared to HS models. NS models have a low degree of structure which results in less conceptual understanding. However, the amount of factual knowledge gained is similar compared to HS models. 

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A more complex non-linear structure due to its web-like organization. Provides learners with various relational links within a concept. 

Network Structure (NS) Models 

Franck Amadieu, André Tricot, Claudette Mariné, Interaction between prior knowledge and concept-map structure on hypertext comprehension, coherence of reading orders and disorientation, Interacting with Computers, Volume 22, Issue 2, March 2010, Pages 88–97, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intcom.2009.07.001

Effects of prior knowledge and concept-map structure on disorientation, cognitive load, and learning

Using NS Models For Low Prior Knowledge Learners

Expert learners use more mental effort when processing these models and obtain less factual information when compared to HS models. However, they experience similar levels of disorientation and conceptual understanding from both concept map structures. 

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