Why are unexpected research results considered scientifically valuable?

Researchers should report their findings honestly and accurately, resisting any temptation to alter or fabricate data that contradicts their hypotheses. Unexpected results are scientifically valuable because they reveal the actual nature of the phenomenon being studied, and they are often just as interesting, or even more informative, than the anticipated outcomes.

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Data fabrication is a violation of scholarly integrity that occurs when a researcher invents non-existent data. Because the scientific goal is to understand the world as it actually is, researchers have a duty to report their findings honestly and accurately. Therefore, they must never fabricate data, even if the actual findings contradict their hypotheses or expectations.

Data Fabrication

Data falsification, also known as altering results, is a violation of scholarly integrity that occurs when a researcher manipulates, omits, or changes real data. Because the scientific goal is to understand the world as it actually is, researchers have a duty to report their findings honestly and accurately. Therefore, they must never alter their results in any way, even if the actual data contradicts their expectations.

Data Falsification

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