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Visual Test for Encoding Failure of Coins
A common method to demonstrate encoding failure involves presenting individuals with several slightly altered versions of a familiar object, such as a coin, and asking them to identify the correct one. The provided image, showing four different U.S. nickels, exemplifies this type of test. Because people often fail to encode the precise details of such common items, they struggle to distinguish the authentic version from the fakes, highlighting a failure in the initial memory-making process.

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Ch.8 Memory - Psychology @ OpenStax
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OpenStax Psychology (2nd ed.) Textbook
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Example of Encoding Failure: The U.S. Penny
Visual Test for Encoding Failure of Coins
An office worker walks past the same fire extinguisher every day for five years. During an emergency drill, they are asked to describe the specific, step-by-step instructions printed on its label. The worker finds they cannot recall any of the steps. What is the most likely reason for this memory lapse?
Nickerson and Adams (1979) Penny Study