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The null hypothesis for a dependent-samples $$t$$-test states that the means at the two times or under the two conditions are identical in the population. When evaluated using difference scores, this hypothesis assumes that the mean difference score in the population is $$0$$ ($$\mu_0 = 0$$). Conversely, the alternative hypothesis asserts that the means are not the same, meaning the population mean difference score is not $$0$$ ($$\mu_0 
eq 0$$). Researchers may also use a one-tailed test if they theoretically expect the difference to occur in a specific direction.

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