- The phonological loop
- Visuospatial sketch pad
- The central executive 
- Episodic buffer

Parts of working memory (Baddeley's model)

A curve that displays how well respondents recall words depending on how long ago they were displayed.

Serial position curve 

Taking information from long term memory and transferring it to working memory.

Retrieval

In order to increase effectiveness, cognitive load theory should be considered during instructional design for online learning including MOOCs. Cognitive load refers to the amount of working memory an individual is using while learning information. Intrinsic cognitive load is the natural complexity of the material that is being learned. Extrinsic load is complexity of learning caused by ineffective instructional design. The goal of cognitive load theory is to reduce extrinsic load experienced by students. 

Cognitive Load Theory

The process of acquiring information and sending it to long term memory (WM to LTM).

Encoding

Working memory capacity is a psychological characteristic that refers to an individual's ability to simultaneously hold and process multiple pieces of information in their mind. In cognitive psychology, this capacity can be quantified using systematic measurement procedures.

Working Memory Capacity

There is converging functional neuroimaging evidence for the involvement of the sustained activity in the prefrontal cortex underlying the process of working memory during the delay period in a working memory task. And due to the fact that the PFC has a lot of cortico-cortico connections and coritco-subcortico connections, it might be the case that these different connections probably mediate different component processes of working memory. It has been believed for example the the cortical network might mediate the maintenance of goals, while the subcortical networks mediates response selection and motor control

The Neural Basis of Working Memory

Neuromodulatory brainstem projections affects our working memory cognition

Working Memory & Neuromodulatory Systems

The left hemisphere deals with working memory, concentration, executive planning, and positive emotions. 

Left Hemisphere of Frontal Lobe

Working memory is a cognitive system with a limited capacity that can hold information temporarily. Working memory is important for reasoning, learning and comprehension. Some of the manipulation of information takes place in working memory

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

New Mexico Highlands University

Haverford College in Pennsylvania

- Short-term Memory
- Long-term Memory
- Affective System
- Motor System
- Sensory memory
- Working memory
- Recognition memory

Memory Systems of Brain ("Structural features")

- development of memory
- development of problem solving

Central Ideas of Information-Processing Theories

Goldstein, E. B. (2014). Cognitive psychology: Connecting mind, research and everyday experience. Nelson Education.


Cognitive psychology: Connecting mind, research and everyday experience

The retention of a small amount of information for a brief period of time. It can hold information for 15-20 seconds and can hold 5-7 items.

Short-term memory (STM)

Can hold a lot of information for years (even decades). Sometimes described as an archive of information.

Long-term memory (LTM) 

The retention of sensory information for a very brief period of time. An initial stage of memory that holds information for seconds or fractions of seconds.

Sensory memory

Working Memory

Identifying some kind of stimuli that was previously present.

Recognition memory

Problem solving is a fundamental cognitive process people engage in daily to find solutions for challenges they encounter. These challenges can range from straightforward tasks, such as doubling a recipe, to more complex situations, like handling an unexpected equipment failure under a tight deadline. A more formal definition states that "problem solving consists of using generic or ad hoc methods in an orderly manner to find solutions to problems."

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