 perform testing for SARS-CoV-2 if the child has:
-  An immune-compromising condition (eg, recipients of antineoplastic chemotherapy, recent hematopoietic cell transplantation, solid organ transplant recipients, primary immunodeficiency, HIV infection with CD4 count <15 percent)
-  Chronic cardiac disease
-  Chronic pulmonary disease
-  Former preterm infants
-  Neuromuscular disease with impaired airway clearance
-  Poorly controlled type I diabetes mellitus
-  Severe obesity (body mass index ≥120 percent of the 95th percentile values
-  Known in-person exposure to a laboratory-confirmed case of COVID-19 within the previous 14 days


Outpatient testing criteria

-  infants born in the institution to a mother who tested negative for COVID-19 and are admitted to the nursery or neonatal intensive care unit are an exception.
-  For hospitalized children whose initial test results are negative and are scheduled for procedures (eg, endoscopy), we retest within 48 hours of the scheduled procedure.
-  For patients with suspected nosocomial acquisition of a respiratory virus, we test for common respiratory pathogens (eg, via multiplex reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction) as well as COVID-19.

Inpatient testing criteria

-   Decisions regarding universal testing of children before elective surgery should be individualized according to regional prevalence of COVID-19, local testing capacity, and availability of personal protective equipment 
-  In a study of universal preoperative screening for SARS-CoV-2 at three tertiary care children's hospitals, the overall incidence was <1 percent 

Preoperative patients

In certain circumstances, testing asymptomatic individuals is important for public health or infection control purposes (eg, hospital admission in communities with high prevalence, preoperative screening). Potential indications for testing asymptomatic individuals are discussed separately.

Asymptomatic individuals 

-  Outpatient criteria
-  Inpatient testing criteria
-  preoperative patients
-  Asymptotic individuals


Ohio State University, Columbus

Developmental psychology researchers largely founded that learned experiences through environmental factors during early childhood engender the fundamentals for lifetime behavior and success as it is a crucial phase for cognitive, emotional and psychosocial skill development.  Closing of schools, parks, and playgrounds will disrupt children’s usual lifestyle and can potentially promote distress and confusion. Children are likely to become more demanding, having to cope up with these changes, and may exhibit impatience, annoyance and hostility, which in turn may cause them suffering from physical and mental violence by overly pressurized parents

Children

- Estimates predict increase in maternal and child mortality in low- and middle-income countries due to non-COVID-19 health care becoming scarce: estimated:
     - drop of 15% in coverage of life-saving essential health interventions for 6 months 
       in low- and middle-income countries is associated
     - 9.8% increase in mortality among children less than 5 years of age 
     - 8.3% increase in maternal mortality.

Long and Short Term Risks of COVID-19 on Childhood Development

In retrospective studies of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from China, the household secondary attack rate among pediatric contacts has ranged from 4 to 7 percent.   In a review of cases from New York state (excluding New York City), the secondary attack rate among children <18 years was 27 percent. In utero and peripartum transmission and transmission through breast milk or during infant feeding. Cases of possible transmission from teachers or school staff to students and among students in the school setting have also been reported 

How do Children get Covid-19

-  ages 0-9
-  ages 10-19
-  infants <12 months of age
-  Laboratory findings of children below 18 years of age

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