- Increase in maternal and child mortality and morbidity bc of critical resources being diverted away from primary care
- In the US, 1/3rd of parents with children younger than age of 6 reported delaying health care visits - risks of delayed healthcare visits: HIV positive pregnant women's schedule of antiretroviral medication being interrupted = infants at risk of vertical HIV transmission
     - loss of caregivers = impacts children's health, nutrition, learning
     - maternal mental health = exposure to prenatal depression affecting DNA 
        methylation in a gene related to the stress response in the child = averse 
        pregnancy outcomes
- Poverty:
      - Pandemic can lead this year to an additional 42 to 66 million children who live in 
         extreme poverty
      - Nutrition, health, and education risks

Immediate consequences for young children

(based on follow up studies of individuals conceived and in utero during pandemics, natural disasters and famines)
- lower educational attainment and lifelong earnings
- increased likelihood of obesity, noncommunicable diseases, and mental health problems
- economic downturn: International Monetary Fund projections predict a global economic recession to extend beyond 2021

Long-term risks  

- Estimates predict increase in maternal and child mortality in low- and middle-income countries due to non-COVID-19 health care becoming scarce: estimated:
     - drop of 15% in coverage of life-saving essential health interventions for 6 months 
       in low- and middle-income countries is associated
     - 9.8% increase in mortality among children less than 5 years of age 
     - 8.3% increase in maternal mortality.

Michigan State University

Columbia University

Developmental psychology researchers largely founded that learned experiences through environmental factors during early childhood engender the fundamentals for lifetime behavior and success as it is a crucial phase for cognitive, emotional and psychosocial skill development.  Closing of schools, parks, and playgrounds will disrupt children’s usual lifestyle and can potentially promote distress and confusion. Children are likely to become more demanding, having to cope up with these changes, and may exhibit impatience, annoyance and hostility, which in turn may cause them suffering from physical and mental violence by overly pressurized parents

Children

Yoshikawa, H., Wuermli, A. J., Britto, P. R., Dreyer, B., Leckman, J. F., Lye, S. J., Ponguta, L. A., Richter, L. M., & Stein, A. (2020). Effects of the Global Coronavirus Disease-2019 Pandemic on Early Childhood Development: Short- and Long-Term Risks and Mitigating Program and Policy Actions. The Journal of pediatrics, 223, 188–193. 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7234941/

Effects of the Global Coronavirus Disease-2019 Pandemic on Early Childhood Development: Short- and Long-Term Risks and Mitigating Program and Policy Actions

Long and Short Term Risks of COVID-19 on Childhood Development

In retrospective studies of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from China, the household secondary attack rate among pediatric contacts has ranged from 4 to 7 percent.   In a review of cases from New York state (excluding New York City), the secondary attack rate among children <18 years was 27 percent. In utero and peripartum transmission and transmission through breast milk or during infant feeding. Cases of possible transmission from teachers or school staff to students and among students in the school setting have also been reported 

How do Children get Covid-19

-  ages 0-9
-  ages 10-19
-  infants <12 months of age
-  Laboratory findings of children below 18 years of age

Clinical findings in children of all ages

-  Outpatient criteria
-  Inpatient testing criteria
-  preoperative patients
-  Asymptotic individuals


Learn Before

Related

Learn After