Included internal consistency, test-retest reliability, corrected item-total correlation, average variance extracted (AVE), composite reliability, standard error of measurement, concurrent validity, and exploratory factor analysis (EFA). It was conducted using IBM SPSS 23.0.

Classical Test Theory (CTT)

Included infit and outfit mean square (MnSq) for each item, item and person separation reliability, item and person separation index, and also a differential item functioning (DIF) to test the measurement invariance across gender and age. This was conducted using WINSTEPS 3.75.0.

Rasch analysis

Descriptive statistics are a set of quantitative techniques used to summarize, organize, and visually display the data collected from a research sample. Important examples include measures of central tendency (such as the mean, median, and mode), which describe average scores, and measures of dispersion (such as the range, standard deviation, and variance), which indicate how spread apart the scores are.

Descriptive Statistics

- Descriptive statistics
- classical test theory (CTT)
- Rasch analysis

Smith College

- Demographic Information
- Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
- Perceived Vulnerability to Disease Scale
- Data Analysis

Measures for Validation in Study of the "Fear of COVID-19 Scale"

Information on age, educational year, gender, and whether they were a current smoker 

Demographic Information

A 14-item scale for the assessment of anxiety and depression levels of participants where a four-point response format is applied for each item. A total score ranging from 0 to 21 for each of the subscales (anxiety and depression with seven items each), with a higher score is indicative of severe anxiety or depression. The scale has acceptable reliability (Cronbach’s α of 0.78 and 0.86 for the HADS anxiety and depression respectively) and a satisfactory validity

Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)

A 15-item scale that assesses participant’s perceived vulnerability to infectious disease, specifically perceived infectability (seven-item subscale) and germ aversion (eight-item subscale). Each item is scored on a seven-point scale with approximately half of the items reverse-scored. The higher the scores, the more severe the perceived infectability and germ aversion. It has a Cronbach’s α of 0.70, 0.72, and 0.70 for perceived infectability, germ aversion, and total PVDS score respectively 

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