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Describe the three reasons why empirical confirmation of a hypothesis can never definitively 'prove' a scientific theory. Outline the specific concepts scientists consider when avoiding the word 'prove'.
Question: Describe the three reasons why empirical confirmation of a hypothesis can never definitively 'prove' a scientific theory. Outline the specific concepts scientists consider when avoiding the word 'prove'.
Sample answer: Empirical confirmation strengthens a theory but does not prove it because: first, a positive finding could simply be a Type I error (a false positive). Second, multiple alternative theories might predict the exact same outcome. Third, future tests could always produce disconfirming evidence.
Key points:
- A positive finding might simply be a Type I error.
- Multiple plausible theories might predict the identical outcome.
- Future tests could always produce disconfirming evidence.
Rubric: Answers must correctly identify and recall the three reasons: the possibility of a Type I error, the existence of alternative theories that predict the same outcome, and the potential for future tests to yield disconfirming evidence.
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Research Methods in Psychology - 4th American Edition @ KPU
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