Similarities/differences between the conditions of encoding and retrieval can affect retrieval performance.

state-dependent learning

information is encoded with considerations to  the context it was presented in.

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

Taking information from long term memory and transferring it to working memory.

Retrieval

- Context dependance of self-categories (social vs. personal identification)
- Priming effect
- Intuitive understanding of sampling effects (especially among statisticians)
- state-dependent learning

Psychological appearances of domain specificity

The process of acquiring information and sending it to long term memory (WM to LTM).

Encoding

Goldstein, E. B. (2014). Cognitive psychology: Connecting mind, research and everyday experience. Nelson Education.


Cognitive psychology: Connecting mind, research and everyday experience

encoding specificity

Retrieval performance is better when the type of processing involved in encoding is incorporated at retrieval.

Transfer-appropriate processing

Studying by practice tests improves encoding into long term memory more than rereading passages (while there is no difference in short term understanding).
- using tests as learning events 
- question asking
- flashcards

Retrieval practice ( testing effect )

A student is taking a history exam. When she reads the question, 'What was the primary cause of the Peloponnesian War?', she pauses for a moment before the answer comes to her mind. What cognitive process does this successful act of remembering the information best illustrate?

Self categories are not fixed - individuals can toggle through self-categories based on their needs and relevance to a present situation.  Self-categories are flexible as to allow the individual to adapt to the social context.

Context dependance of self-categories

When a sensory experience (hearing a word/phrase, or seeing a picture), triggers an associational response that effects your decision making afterwards. The presentation of some stimuli affects someones response to the presentation of a following one.

Priming effect

Kahneman and Tversky in 1971, conducted a study to assess the intuitive understanding of sampling affects among statisticians. After asking the statisticians:
- There are two hospitals, one large and one small. 60% of the babies born in one of the hospitals on a specific day happened to be a boy. Which hospital was it likely to be?

During a causal conversation, most statisticians answered wrong and chose the large hospital. This is despite the fact a basic idea in statistics is that small sample sizes are likely to be variable. The context the idea was expressed in caused errors among "experts" in the discipline.

Domain specificity and intuitive understanding of sampling effects

Encoding (memory) is better when relating words/events to yourself.

Self-reference effect

Creating material yourself, instead of passively receiving improving learning and retention.

Generation effect

The process of memory going from an unstable state to a more stable, permanent one. 

Memory Consolidation

A key factor that enhances memory encoding is the meaningfulness of the information. Information that is understood and has significance is recalled more easily than information that is not meaningful. For example, a simple sentence is more likely to be remembered if its meaning is processed.

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