Retrieval performance is better when the type of processing involved in encoding is incorporated at retrieval.

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

Taking information from long term memory and transferring it to working memory.

Retrieval

The process of acquiring information and sending it to long term memory (WM to LTM).

Encoding

Goldstein, E. B. (2014). Cognitive psychology: Connecting mind, research and everyday experience. Nelson Education.


Cognitive psychology: Connecting mind, research and everyday experience

information is encoded with considerations to  the context it was presented in.

encoding specificity

Transfer-appropriate processing

Studying by practice tests improves encoding into long term memory more than rereading passages (while there is no difference in short term understanding).
- using tests as learning events 
- question asking
- flashcards

Retrieval practice ( testing effect )

A student is taking a history exam. When she reads the question, 'What was the primary cause of the Peloponnesian War?', she pauses for a moment before the answer comes to her mind. What cognitive process does this successful act of remembering the information best illustrate?

Encoding (memory) is better when relating words/events to yourself.

Self-reference effect

Creating material yourself, instead of passively receiving improving learning and retention.

Generation effect

The process of memory going from an unstable state to a more stable, permanent one. 

Memory Consolidation

A key factor that enhances memory encoding is the meaningfulness of the information. Information that is understood and has significance is recalled more easily than information that is not meaningful. For example, a simple sentence is more likely to be remembered if its meaning is processed.

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